Cause and effect of breast cancer

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Cause and effect of breast cancer
Breast cancer refers to the unrestrained growth of breast cells. It is caused by mutations or abnormal changes in genes regulating the growth of cells. The mutation changes some genes while turning off others causing a change in the original cell. Mutational cell gains the ability to multiply severally without control producing more cells of the same kind forming a tumor. Benign tumors are known to occur gradually, and they do not affect neighboring tissues. Similarly, they do not spread to the rest of the body. Untreated malicious cells spread further than the original lump to other body parts. The role of this research paper is to discuss possible causes of breast cancer and their effects to human health.
Breast cancer begins in lobules’ cells that act as the milk storage. It may also begin in breast ducts that join lobules and nipples. Less normally, breast cancer starts in stromal tissues (the blubbery and leathery connective tissues in the breast). As time goes, cancer invades neighboring tissues spreading toward the underarm lymph swellings that clean out extraneous substances in the body. The risk is that of later spreading to the rest of the body.
Although numerous risk factors increase chances of emerging breast cancer, it is not yet recognized how it grounds cells to become tumorous. Hormones have recently played a big part in numerous cases of breast cancer. Nevertheless, how this happens has not yet understood.

Ordinary blood cells become cancerous because of DNA mutation which is either inherited or acquired. One cause of breast cancer is the Oncogenes. Oncogenes speeds or generates cell division. Pro-oncogenes are genes that help in cells growth. Therefore, once a proto-oncogene undergoes mutation, it gives many duplicates of it. Thus, it becomes a bad gene that is stimulated when, in essence, it is not required to be. The occurrence of this form of mutation causes the growth of cells out of control leading to cancer infection. Tumor suppression genes is another possible cause of breast cancer. They are normal genes which slow down the rate at which the cell divides, repairs DNA mistakes, or used in the process of apoptosis (timely dying of cell or programmed cell death). However, when tumor suppressor gene is improperly working, cells may grow out of control leading to cancer (Gramling et al., pp. 752–756).
Inherited gene changes cause breast cancer. Some certain DNA mutations that are inherited can intensely stimulate the risk of getting breast cancer and said to be accountable for cancers that run in various families. For instance, the BRCA genes, that is, the BRCA1 and BRCA2 remain classified as lump suppressor genes. A change in BRCA1 or BRCA2 may be inherited from a parent. Inclusively, a change in one of these genes may no longer suppress abnormal growth and unwanted cell divisions, and more likely to develop cancer (Rafnsson et al., pp. 807–809). More often, gene variations are as well a factor in cancer development but are said to be less or do not contribute to breast cancer. But the genes involved affects hormone levels, metabolism or other factors that cooperate with breast’s cancer risk factors. These genes are answerable for the breast’s cancer factors that run in families (Silvera et al., pp. 1059–1063).
Acquired gene changes, is another great cause of breast cancer. Breast cancer-related DNA mutation occurs in breast cells in the life of a woman rather than just hereditary. Most of the acquired changes of oncogene result from other factors, such as energy or cancer-causing chemicals. To this extent, origins of acquired mutation leading to breast cancer are not yet identified. Tests to predicament developed gene changes mostly help doctors to predict prognosis for breast cancer more accurately. For example, using tests you can identify women who have multiple or many copies of HER2 oncogene. These kinds of cancers are aggressive. There are drugs which have been developed in targeting the control of these form of cancers on patients.
Breast cancer not only has roots but it also has more effects on human beings’ health. These effects of breast cancer are: it has hazardous and normal effect on the health including treatment side effects namely; early menopause, infertility, emotion distress, and depression. Other side effects include fatigue or insomnia, reappearance, sexuality and confidence issues, lymphedema, pain, variations in physical appearance and sensation of the breast pain, and other late effects of radiation (Lidgren et al., pp. 5–15).
In conclusion, it can be seen that there are many causes and effect of breast cancer. Most reasons for breast cancer are oncogenes, cancer suppression genes, hereditary gene changes, and assimilated gene changes. Breast cancer mostly affects women but men in far less occasion. Effects of breast cancer can be early cases of menopause, infertility, emotional distress and dejection, exhaustion or restlessness, relapse, sexuality and issues relating to intimacy, lymphedema, pain, changes in physical look and cases relating to the breast pain. To reduce breast cancer people should be given cancer health education. Cancer medication and treatments facilities also should be made more accessible to make the cancer patients access them easily.

Work cited
Gramling, Robert et al. “Hormone Replacement Therapy, Family History, and Breast Cancer Risk Among Postmenopausal Women.” Epidemiology, vol. 20, no. 5, 2009, pp. 752–756. www.jstor.org/stable/25662749.
Lidgren, Mathias et al. “Cost of Breast Cancer in Sweden in 2002.” The European Journal of Health Economics, vol. 8, no. 1, 2007, pp. 5–15. www.jstor.org/stable/27823087.
Rafnsson, V. et al. “Breast Cancer Risk in Airline Cabin Attendants: A Nested Case-Control Study in Iceland.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 60, no. 11, 2003, pp. 807–809. www.jstor.org/stable/27732081.
Silvera, Stephanie A. N. et al. “Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Cancer among Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study.” Cancer Causes &Amp; Control, vol. 16, no. 9, 2005, pp. 1059–1063. www.jstor.org/stable/20069559.