Discussion Board and worksheet

Discussion Board and Worksheet
Student’s Name
Institution’s Name
Discussion Board
Question 1
The experiment lacks internal validity due to the following threats; there is repeated testing, confounding, and experimenter bias. In studying the malleability of people’s recollections, Mary erred in during the experiment by ‘testing the results’ (Watkins, 2015). Through the acts of subjecting members of the experimental group to watching one tape twice while asking the same question in a different style, did amount to repeated testing. On the issue of confounding, the questions asked were the dependent variables that ought not to have undergone any changes. By restricting the query, the test subjects may give different answers as there is a likelihood of getting confused. Also, experimental bias did occur (Watkins, 2015). The experimenter behaved differently at different times by changing the questions asked. The experimenter may not be aware of the consequences, but it does affect the integrity of the results and conclusions made from the results. Given all the outlined flaws, the experiment lacks internal validity.
Question 2
In this experiment, history is the outstanding threat to internal validity of the study (Watkins, 2015). Events outside of the test tend to affect the behavior of the drivers; also the responses gathered as a consequence of the conditioned acts in line with historical dictates. There may exist factors outside the independent variable that alter the attitudes and behavior of the participants; hence it is inconclusive to peg the results on a known variable (Watkins, 2015).

Changes to the dependent variable in this experiment cannot solely get attributed to the acts of placing cards on the taverns, providing individual feedback on blood alcohol content, and posting of large posters indicating the number of drunken patrons. Hence, the above-stated reasons depict that there lacks internal validity in this experiment.
Worksheet
Ethics in Psychological Research
Review Terms
Question 1
In psychological research, risk refers to what may be the result of researching with humans as the subject. Risk accrues to a person after successful conduct of research; it is the situation that a person gets exposed to after participating in a test. The danger may either be physical, social, or emotional stress; all these states render the participant vulnerable to exploitation.
Question 2
The Belmont principles stem out of the Belmont report; the tenets aim at emphasizing respect for persons, beneficence, and justice during studies that involve human subjects (Lynch, 2013). The predecessors of Belmont principles got necessitated due to the increased use of human subjects in research.
Question 3
The ‘exempt review’ involves less than minimal risks; this level of review does not undergo continuous IRB review. The ‘expedited review’ involves minimal risk. This level of review gets conducted continuously. Full board review occurs in higher than minimal risk studies; this level of research is intense and continually takes place. In this case, minimal risk refers to what a person gets exposed to in their daily endeavors, and their engagement in the research would not increase the vulnerability of the test subjects.
IRB Review
Question 1
For this test, it falls under the exempt category of IRB review. Inspections of this nature pose a risk that is less than minimal; hence, they do not attract much scrutiny like the other two IRB review categories.
Question 2
An experiment such as this is eligible for expedited review. Studies of this nature fall under the category of educational tests, survey and interview procedures, and observation of public behavior.
Question 3
The experiment needs full board review. Tests such that intended in this study, pose higher risks if the gathered data gets misused. Trials such as the intended, pose risks to the participants hence the thorough continued scrutiny of the process.
Question 4
Test four is eligible for expedited review. What qualifies the study for this kind of analysis is the realm in which the study falls; that is educational tests. The researchers purpose to study habit and average marks of persons.
Question 5
Exempt review gets conducted on studies that are commonly accepted. The survey of delivered judgments does not pose a danger to any person when graded by the minimal risk mark. Review of the decisions in any way does not magnify the sufferings of the convicted or the guilty.
Question 6The study of moods and cognitive performance qualifies for expedited review under IRB. By enquiring into the cognitive performances of participants, the study does engage in acts regulated by the stated review structure; that is, expedited review.
Belmont Principles
Question 1
The principle of justice gets negated in this study (Lynch, 2013). The researcher opts not to use volunteers in the research by undertaking to pay $2 to classmates. The researcher had the opportunity of using volunteers in the study, and they were offering their services for free; however, paying seemed of more convenience to the researcher hence abusing the Belmont principle of justice.
Question 2
In this study, the researcher would have to respect the autonomy of the subjects involved (Lynch, 2013). The data that the study seeks to uncover is private data that touches on human privacy. The collection of baseline measures would require getting to know a person better; thus it is proper if the subjects agree to what gets asked of them.
Question 3
The kind of study suggested borders on the intrusion of privacy; hence, it is necessary for the subjects involved to get respected. It does not matter that the participants drunk alcohol willingly; following them along to identify their flirting fringes on their privacy. The first Belmont principle, which is respect to persons, must get considered (Lynch, 2013).
Risk-Benefit Analysis
Question 1
In the study, participants are likely to face abuse of the beneficence principle as per the Belmont report. Under beneficence, the benefits must always outweigh the risks if a study is to take place.
The risks associated with the study may not measure up to the worth of the research. The results of watching gory movies may have the participants reflecting on the images rather than checking the objects asked of them.
Question 2
Exposing participants to the horrors of death or making them think about death may make them more defensive; nobody wishes to join the dead. Self-entitlement is likely to soar among the participants.
There are no serious risks associated with self-love. Humans have always wanted what is best for them; then other people come second after self. It is a natural human response to fiercely protect their egos when they get reminded of their mortality.
Question 3
Belmont report advocates for beneficence as a research principle. Whatever one chooses to inquire on, its benefits ought to outweigh risks. Giving of bogus feedback to personality measures may determine how a person conducts themselves from that day. Humans take criticism seriously; as they would receive feedback on personality measures.
There are no benefits that accrue from the experiment, if any, they are of minimal impact.
The study should give real results to the questions answered by participants in the personality measure. It is only through providing of correct answers to each participant’s individual test that meaningful conclusions can get recorded out of the experiment.
Assessing Risk
The third experiment where participants get to take ‘personality measures’ then after that undertake SAT-style examinations pose the gravest repercussions. People take criticism seriously even if human have always resisted any blame on their person. People take time to answer personality measures truthfully so that they can have that opportunity to look at themselves through the eyes of the community. A researcher who gives guessed answers to personality measures wrecks lives of so many people. First, the lives of the participants take a turn either for the best or the worst depending on the feedback. Secondly, a ripple effect of the participant’s response spreads to those that surround them. Worse is the situation in which the participants find themselves; they have to take the SAT-style exam. The chances of success get exponentially reduced when bogus results get to the participants.

References
Lynch, H. F. (2013). Protecting human research subjects as human research workers.
Watkins, K. (2015). Internal Validity Flashcards | Quizlet. Quizlet.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018, from https://quizlet.com/72859205/internal-validity-flash-cards/