Nature vs Nurture Revised

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Nature vs. Nurture
ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1007/s00439-009-0695-9”, “ISBN” : “0043900906959”, “ISSN” : “03406717”, “PMID” : “19506905”, “abstract” : “A consideration of the evolutionary, physiological and anthropological aspects of aggression suggests that individual differences in such behaviour will have important genetic as well as environmental underpinning. Surveys of the likely pathways controlling the physiological and neuronal processes involved highlight, as obvious targets to investigate, genes implicated in sexual differentiation, anxiety, stress response and the serotonin neurotransmitter pathway. To date, however, association studies on single candidates have provided little evidence for any such loci with a major effect size. This may be because genes do not operate independently, but function against a background in which other genetic and environmental factors are crucial. Indeed, a series of recent studies, particularly concentrating on the serotonin and norepinephrine metabolising enzyme, monoamine oxidase A, has emphasised the necessity of examining gene by environmental interactions if the contributions of individual loci are to be understood. These findings will have major significance for the interpretation and analysis of data from detailed whole genome association studies. Functional imaging studies of genetic variants affecting serotonin pathways have also provided valuable insights into potential links between genes, brain and aggressive behaviour.

“, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Craig”, “given” : “Ian W.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Halton”, “given” : “Kelly E.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Human Genetics”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2009” ] ] }, “page” : “101-113”, “title” : “Genetics of human aggressive behaviour”, “type” : “article”, “volume” : “126” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7b2b5381-5d09-4472-86f2-0ddb8d93bcd6”, “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ea4e9da7-e2cd-4819-b13d-4871f794e05c” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Craig and Halton)”, “manualFormatting” : “Craig and Halton (101)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Craig and Halton)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Craig and Halton)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }Craig and Halton (101) postulate that interaction among humans is mainly influenced by the naturally encoded genetics. The discovery and profiling of the human genome has shown that genetics correlate directly to human behavior. Biologists have shown that the frontal cortex is responsible for human conscience. On the other hand, it is the area that is related to many disorders such as antisocial behavior that includes facets of “destructive” action that may be towards other people or self. The reaction may be coupled with aggression and violence that is both psychological and physical. Therefore, humans have a genetic disposition to criminal activities.
ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1080/17405620701669871”, “ISBN” : “17405629 (ISSN)”, “ISSN” : “17405629”, “PMID” : “24976846”, “abstract” : “Frontal lesions often lead to psychosocial problems. It is not surprising that frontal lobe dysfunctions have been proposed to underlie antisocial behaviour in individuals without apparent lesions. However, physical aggression and violence have never been systematically related to acquired lesions. Whereas, traditional neuropsychological testing identifies problems in cognitive and emotional information processing, recent brain-imaging studies have revealed both the frontal structural and functional underpinnings of antisocial behaviour. Careful characterization of antisocial behaviour subtypes seems to indicate that cognitive-neuropsychological function is systematically poor in physical aggression and hyperactivity. Recent refinements point to biological and genetic moderators of that association.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Seguin”, “given” : “Jean R.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “European Journal of Developmental Psychology”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2009” ] ] }, “page” : “100-119”, “title” : “The frontal lobe and aggression”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “6” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f982bca6-b3bc-4236-9c89-3441d7b29f99” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Seguin)”, “manualFormatting” : “Seguin (100)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Seguin)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Seguin)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }Seguin (100) has shown that damage to the frontal lobe causes some of the behavioral changes mentioned above. In addition to frontal lobe damage, genetics plays a significant role in criminal behavior. Studies performed on convicted criminals in Denmark by ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000650”, “ISBN” : “2044-6055”, “ISSN” : “20446055”, “PMID” : “22357573”, “abstract” : “OBJECTIVE: To investigate the criminal pattern in men between 15 and 70 years of age diagnosed with 47,XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS)) or 47,XYY compared to the general population.\n\nDESIGN: Register-based cohort study comparing the incidence of convictions among men with KS and with 47,XYY with age- and calendar-matched samples of the general population. Crime was classified into eight types (sexual abuse, homicide, burglary, violence, traffic, drug-related, arson and ‘others’).\n\nSETTING: Denmark 1978-2006.\n\nPARTICIPANTS: All men diagnosed with KS (N=934) or 47,XYY (N=161) at risk and their age- and calendar-time-matched controls (N=88u2008979 and 15u2008356, respectively).\n\nRESULTS: The incidence of convictions was increased in men with KS (omitting traffic offenses) compared to controls with a HR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.59, p<0.001), with significant increases in sexual abuse, burglary, arson and ‘others’, but with a decreased risk of traffic and drug-related offenses. The incidence of convictions was significantly increased among men with 47,XYY compared to controls with a HR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.77, p<0.005) in all crime types, except drug-related crimes and traffic. Adjusting for socioeconomic variables (education, fatherhood, retirement and cohabitation) reduced the total HR for both KS and 47,XYY to levels similar to controls, while some specific crime types (sexual abuse, arson, etc) remained increased.\n\nCONCLUSION: The overall risk of conviction (excluding traffic offenses) was moderately increased in men with 47,XYY or KS; however, it was similar to controls when adjusting for socioeconomic parameters. Convictions for sexual abuse, burglary, arson and ‘others’ were significantly increased. The increased risk of convictions may be partly or fully explained by the poor socioeconomic conditions related to the chromosome aberrations.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Stochholm”, “given” : “Kirstine”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Bojesen”, “given” : “Anders”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Jensen”, “given” : “Anne Skakkebu00e6k”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Juul”, “given” : “Svend”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Gravholt”, “given” : “Claus Hu00f8jbjerg”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “BMJ Open”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2012” ] ] }, “title” : “Criminality in men with Klinefelter’s syndrome and XYY syndrome: A cohort study”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “2” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=18f788af-c2d0-4035-8c07-b153914e21ad”, “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5aea187f-d460-4e6e-ba56-2ef0224661cb” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Stochholm et al. N.p)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }Stochholm et al. (N.p) showed that murderers contained more Y chromosomes than the average male. Where an ordinary man has XY chromosomes, they were found to have XYY. According to the ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000650”, “ISBN” : “2044-6055”, “ISSN” : “20446055”, “PMID” : “22357573”, “abstract” : “OBJECTIVE: To investigate the criminal pattern in men between 15 and 70 years of age diagnosed with 47,XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS)) or 47,XYY compared to the general population.\n\nDESIGN: Register-based cohort study comparing the incidence of convictions among men with KS and with 47,XYY with age- and calendar-matched samples of the general population. Crime was classified into eight types (sexual abuse, homicide, burglary, violence, traffic, drug-related, arson and ‘others’).\n\nSETTING: Denmark 1978-2006.\n\nPARTICIPANTS: All men diagnosed with KS (N=934) or 47,XYY (N=161) at risk and their age- and calendar-time-matched controls (N=88u2008979 and 15u2008356, respectively).\n\nRESULTS: The incidence of convictions was increased in men with KS (omitting traffic offenses) compared to controls with a HR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.59, p<0.001), with significant increases in sexual abuse, burglary, arson and ‘others’, but with a decreased risk of traffic and drug-related offenses. The incidence of convictions was significantly increased among men with 47,XYY compared to controls with a HR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.77, p<0.005) in all crime types, except drug-related crimes and traffic. Adjusting for socioeconomic variables (education, fatherhood, retirement and cohabitation) reduced the total HR for both KS and 47,XYY to levels similar to controls, while some specific crime types (sexual abuse, arson, etc) remained increased.\n\nCONCLUSION: The overall risk of conviction (excluding traffic offenses) was moderately increased in men with 47,XYY or KS; however, it was similar to controls when adjusting for socioeconomic parameters. Convictions for sexual abuse, burglary, arson and ‘others’ were significantly increased. The increased risk of convictions may be partly or fully explained by the poor socioeconomic conditions related to the chromosome aberrations.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Stochholm”, “given” : “Kirstine”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Bojesen”, “given” : “Anders”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Jensen”, “given” : “Anne Skakkebu00e6k”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Juul”, “given” : “Svend”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Gravholt”, “given” : “Claus Hu00f8jbjerg”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “BMJ Open”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2012” ] ] }, “title” : “Criminality in men with Klinefelter’s syndrome and XYY syndrome: A cohort study”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “2” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=18f788af-c2d0-4035-8c07-b153914e21ad”, “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5aea187f-d460-4e6e-ba56-2ef0224661cb” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Stochholm et al. N.p)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }Stochholm et al. (N.p) study, it is evident that such individuals were genetically encoded to engage in criminal behavior. In such cases, the criminals may have inherited the gene from their parents through predisposition ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000650”, “ISBN” : “2044-6055”, “ISSN” : “20446055”, “PMID” : “22357573”, “abstract” : “OBJECTIVE: To investigate the criminal pattern in men between 15 and 70 years of age diagnosed with 47,XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS)) or 47,XYY compared to the general population.\n\nDESIGN: Register-based cohort study comparing the incidence of convictions among men with KS and with 47,XYY with age- and calendar-matched samples of the general population. Crime was classified into eight types (sexual abuse, homicide, burglary, violence, traffic, drug-related, arson and ‘others’).\n\nSETTING: Denmark 1978-2006.\n\nPARTICIPANTS: All men diagnosed with KS (N=934) or 47,XYY (N=161) at risk and their age- and calendar-time-matched controls (N=88u2008979 and 15u2008356, respectively).\n\nRESULTS: The incidence of convictions was increased in men with KS (omitting traffic offenses) compared to controls with a HR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.59, p<0.001), with significant increases in sexual abuse, burglary, arson and ‘others’, but with a decreased risk of traffic and drug-related offenses. The incidence of convictions was significantly increased among men with 47,XYY compared to controls with a HR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.77, p<0.005) in all crime types, except drug-related crimes and traffic. Adjusting for socioeconomic variables (education, fatherhood, retirement and cohabitation) reduced the total HR for both KS and 47,XYY to levels similar to controls, while some specific crime types (sexual abuse, arson, etc) remained increased.\n\nCONCLUSION: The overall risk of conviction (excluding traffic offenses) was moderately increased in men with 47,XYY or KS; however, it was similar to controls when adjusting for socioeconomic parameters. Convictions for sexual abuse, burglary, arson and ‘others’ were significantly increased. The increased risk of convictions may be partly or fully explained by the poor socioeconomic conditions related to the chromosome aberrations.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Stochholm”, “given” : “Kirstine”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Bojesen”, “given” : “Anders”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Jensen”, “given” : “Anne Skakkebu00e6k”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Juul”, “given” : “Svend”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Gravholt”, “given” : “Claus Hu00f8jbjerg”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “BMJ Open”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2012” ] ] }, “title” : “Criminality in men with Klinefelter’s syndrome and XYY syndrome: A cohort study”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “2” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=18f788af-c2d0-4035-8c07-b153914e21ad”, “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5aea187f-d460-4e6e-ba56-2ef0224661cb” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Stochholm et al. N.p)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Stochholm et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Stochholm et al. N.p).
Inheriting “criminal” genes can also be attributed to the environmental factor of growth in a crime afflicted family. However, such ideologies can allude to the fact that the parents of the convicted criminals were also genetically encoded to engage in criminal activities. Research shows that an approximated 50 percent of all antisocial behavior is influenced by the individual genetic makeup of the criminals. Furthermore, there is a higher chance of male children of inheriting aggressive, antisocial behavior compared to female children. According to a study conducted, over an estimated 40 percent of children had antisocial behavior, the factors were influenced by genetics ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.014”, “ISSN” : “00472352”, “PMID” : “24347737”, “abstract” : “Purpose: This twin study examined the structure of genetic and environmental influences on aggression and rule-breaking in order to examine change and stability across the span of childhood to mid-adolescence. Methods: Behavioral assessments were conducted at two time points: age 9-10. years and 14-15. years. Using behavioral genetics biometric modeling, the longitudinal structure of influences was investigated. Results: Aggression and rule-breaking were found to be influenced by a latent common factor of antisocial behavior (ASB) within each wave of data collection. The variance in the childhood-age common factor of ASB was influenced by 41% genetics, 40% shared environment and 19% nonshared environment. In adolescence, 41% of variance in the common factor were novel and entirely genetic, while the remainder of variance was stable across time. Additionally, both aggression and rule-breaking within each wave were found to have unique influences not common across subscales or across waves, highlighting specificity of genetic and environmental effects on different problem behaviors at both ages. Conclusions: This research sheds light on the commonality of influences on different forms of antisocial behavior. Future research into interventions for antisocial behavior problems in youth could focus on adolescence-specific environmental influences. u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Niv”, “given” : “Sharon”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Tuvblad”, “given” : “Catherine”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Raine”, “given” : “Adrian”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Baker”, “given” : “Laura A.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Journal of Criminal Justice”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “5”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2013” ] ] }, “page” : “285-291”, “title” : “Aggression and rule-breaking: Heritability and stability of antisocial behavior problems in childhood and adolescence”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “41” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a7608e22-b480-4f16-924b-f903a822e8ba”, “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5b5175f4-e6fe-444d-8290-4c131eda9d4e” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Niv et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Niv et al. 285)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Niv et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Niv et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Niv et al. 285).
A Study conducted by ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.004”, “ISBN” : “0047-2352(Print)”, “ISSN” : “00472352”, “abstract” : “Purpose: The aim of this study was to create and validate a brief self-report scale of psychopathic personality traits for research purposes which would grasp the essence of a psychopathic personality, regardless of respondents’ age, gender, cultural background, and criminal history. Methods: The Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale (PPTS), the Measure of Criminal Social Identity, Self-Esteem Measure for Criminals, the Child Sexual Abuse Myth Scale, Attitudes Toward Male Sexual Dating Violence, and Lie Scale were administered to 1794 prisoners systematically sampled from 10 maximum- and medium-security prisons. Dimensionality and construct validity of the PPTS was investigated using traditional CFA techniques, along with confirmatory bifactor analysis and multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) modeling. Seven alternative models of the PPTS were specified and tested using Mplus with WLSMV estimation. Results: MTMM model of PPTS offered the best representation of the data. The results suggest that the PPTS consists of four subscales (affective responsiveness, cognitive responsiveness, interpersonal manipulation, and egocentricity) while controlling for two method factors (knowledge/skills and attitudes/beliefs). Good composite reliability and differential predictive validity was observed. Conclusion: This brief measure of psychopathic traits uncontaminated with behavioral items can be used in the same way among participants with and without criminal history.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Boduszek”, “given” : “Daniel”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Debowska”, “given” : “Agata”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Dhingra”, “given” : “Katie”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “DeLisi”, “given” : “Matt”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Journal of Criminal Justice”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2016” ] ] }, “page” : “9-17”, “title” : “Introduction and validation of Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale (PPTS) in a large prison sample”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “46” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fa73d24c-3196-40a6-af0e-f1488a5e2dc2”, “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=661637e4-9df9-41af-ad32-e8058edb2ae4” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Boduszek et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “Boduszek et al.(9)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Boduszek et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Boduszek et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }Boduszek et al.(9) showed that psychopaths made up an estimated 20 percent of the total population of prisons. In the same study over 50 percent of the prisoners were convicted of severe crimes. Through an examination by ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “ISBN” : “1719-8429”, “ISSN” : “17198429”, “PMID” : “21286367”, “abstract” : “The aim of the current study was to investigate the sex and age effects on the mean levels and the genetic architecture of adolescent self-reported emotional and behavioral problems.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Bartels”, “given” : “Meike”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Aa”, “given” : “Niels”, “non-dropping-particle” : “van de”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Beijsterveldt”, “given” : “Catherina E M”, “non-dropping-particle” : “van”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Middeldorp”, “given” : “Christel M.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Boomsma”, “given” : “Dorret I.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2011” ] ] }, “page” : “35-52”, “title” : “Adolescent self-report of emotional and behavioral problems: Interactions of genetic factors with sex and age”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “20” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=12ce197a-56b9-4dff-918a-6fd7a0f9c468”, “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b588e55d-84c5-4047-88a9-68cf1b9b8561” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Bartels et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “Bartels et al.(35)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Bartels et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Bartels et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }Bartels et al.(35), it is evident that genetics influence psychopathic behavior through the entire period of childhood. Studies conducted in both animals and people have shown that “candidate genes” influence antisocial behavior and cause risk factors for similar disorders. The “candidate genes” influence the production of dopamine, serotonin, and other mood-related hormones. Thus, people with these genes are likely to engage in risky and violent actions. Furthermore, teenagers with such genes are more e likely to engage in substance abuse ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1017/S0033291710000966”, “ISSN” : “00332917”, “PMID” : “20482945”, “abstract” : “BACKGROUND: The current study investigates whether the underlying factor structure of psychopathic personality traits found in adults is similar to that in children and what the extent of the genetic and environmental influences are on these psychopathic traits.\n\nMETHOD: Psychopathic personality traits were assessed in a community sample of 1219 twins and triplets (age 9-10 years) through caregiver reports of each child’s behavior using the Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS).\n\nRESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses revealed an optimal two-factor solution (callous/disinhibited and manipulative/deceitful) to the CPS subscales. Bivariate genetic modeling of the two computed factor scores revealed significant genetic as well as unique environmental influences on psychopathic personality traits in both boys and girls, with heritability estimates of 0.64 and 0.46, respectively, in boys and 0.49 and 0.58, respectively, in girls. No shared environmental influences on psychopathic personality traits were found.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The relationship between the two factors was mediated by both genetic and unique environmental factors common to both traits.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Bezdjian”, “given” : “S.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Raine”, “given” : “A.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Baker”, “given” : “L. A.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Lynam”, “given” : “D. R.”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Psychological Medicine”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “3”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2011” ] ] }, “page” : “589-600”, “title” : “Psychopathic personality in children: Genetic and environmental contributions”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “41” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=01990bc3-cc35-4f2c-a47a-8d7a3879e7c6”, “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=737b25e6-c921-4c19-a9dc-48e51253b694” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Bezdjian et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Bezdjian et al. 589)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Bezdjian et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Bezdjian et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Bezdjian et al. 589).
Conclusively, the debate for nurture and nature has been going on for years. Scientists and psychologists have postulated numerous theories. However, based on the approaches mentioned above it is clear that the genetic makeup of the individual influences human behavior. According to the studies discussed above, the frontal lobe cortex bears the location where human conscience is influenced. However, if the frontal cortex is damaged, the individual is most likely to engage in violent activity. Individuals with a specific set of genes have been shown to participate in criminal activities and substance abuse. These individuals are postulated to have antisocial behavior that influences their criminal activity. The genes are inherited from parents with similar genes. Therefore, it is evident that their genetics affects human behavior.

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