Post -Traumatic Stress Disorder Review

Post -traumatic stress disorder review

Introduction.

In this essay there will be a review of the post -traumatic stress disorder, due to the frequency with which it can be found in society, in addition to the fact that we are now more than ever in an era that puts a lot of pressure on all of us. You can give anyone this disorder and the situations that produce it can be terrifying or as common (such as child abuse, or an armed robbery), as well as the element that not all situations that generate it are low Person control.

There are some factors that can influence the development of the disorder, such as the intensity with which the trauma or the age at which it occurs, as well as the way in which the individual is taken the event, there are also other conditions such as support such as support social, which reduces the possibilities of contracting disorder, or stress, which, on the contrary, increases its probability. The consequences are important, because it is these that will tell us if it is a simple discomfort, or it is a possible development of the PTSD.

Developing.

The PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) was born as a term in 1980 when the APA and DSM manual was for its third edition (Carvajal, 2002). Since then, it has taken greater importance, because the psychological footprints that can be left in the human being for a catastrophic moment (such as, for example, the earthquake of April 16, 2016).

Although not everyone reacts the same, a common situation does not generate a post -traumatic disorder, it simply generates discomfort, but this disappears after a little time.

Unlike the PTSD, this endures and does not leave the individual to continue with their daily activities with peace of mind and make it inconvenient in their social relationships.

In the PTSD, some elements such as the evasion, intense state of vigil are distinguished in the face of a traumatic situation or similar to that caused by the trauma, in addition to the fact that this disorder has the possibility of presenting at any age. It is as common as any other disease, although many studies have been dedicated to reduce the negative aspects that are in favor of the disorder, such as that it is a problem that affects the whole society in any of its strata, the costs of treatment, the costs of treatment, the probability of being reborn again, among others.

For the APA, the psychic trauma is: that psychologically stressful situation that exceeds the repertoire of the usual experiences of life (such as a simple duel, a chronic disease, an economic loss or a sentimental conflict), which will practically affect all of them all People and that will cause intense fear, terror and hopelessness, with a serious threat to personal or third -party physical integrity or a third party.

Going back to history, we can show that from the ancient civilizations there was already talk of mental problems with a certain situation. Carvajal says that "Hippocrates mentions nightmares related to the fighting in surviving soldiers to certain battles and Herodoto gives an account in his treatise on the history of the symptoms presented by the soldiers who had participated in the Marathon battle".

Psychoanalytic theory contributed the following; Janet names vehement emotions, these occurred during the traumatic events, which hindered that the experience passed as another fact in the life of a person and made it become a traumatic memory. For Freud, these overwhelming experiences were not well integrated by the subject, building an affectation that would last over time.

With the French Revolution, a psychiatric era begins and joins medicine, highlights a Crocp and Croco post. In World War I, some soldiers had reactions that called "Shell Shock", this due to memories lived in war, losses of loved ones, according to this "caused states of mutism, deafness, generalized tremor, inability to walk or maintain standing, losses of consciousness or pseudo seizures ". Then they would use the term "Shell Shock" for the clinical picture that included memory loss, vision, taste, and smell that were manifested in 3 soldiers.

Carvajal (2002) also contributes that “the German doctor H. Oppenheimer coined the term ‘traumatic neurosis’ in 1884 to refer to the symptoms presented by patients who had survived rail accidents or in their workplace ”: later, thanks to Kardiner’s studies with the soldiers of the First World War, He explained, based on psychodynamics, that war caused a physio neurosis, it produced both somatic and biological symptoms.

Of course it is important to mention that, with World War II, interest in possible pathologies that could arise in the soldier increased, starting more formal studies on what is now the PTSD. Then, with the Vietnam War, where many soldiers were left with psychological sequelae, it is when the APA considers pertinent to make a space for this DSM-III disorder of that time.

“In the PTSD the central is the psychic trauma; that is, the emotional impact of a certain event capable of causing a series of physical and psychological manifestations ”. These traumas can be caused by natural situations, such as earthquakes or floods, accidents, such as fires, or situations caused by another person (violation, robbery, abuse, among others). "Post -traumatic stress disorder can cause problems such as: flashbacks or the feeling that the event is happening again, difficulty sleep or nightmares, feeling of loneliness, explosions of anger, feelings of concern, guilt or sadness" (National Institute of the National Mental health, s.F.).

“In descending frequency, the situations that cause the most spots are: recovering consciousness during some surgery (56%), violation in women (48.4%) and witnessing deaths or serious injuries among men (10.7%) ". The National Center for Postraumatic Stress Disorder (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, S.F.) has divided into 4 possible symptoms that can be found in people with this disorder, described below:

• Reviving the event (also known as experimentation of symptoms). Traumatic event memories can return at any time.
• Avoiding situations that remind you of the event. You try to avoid situations or people who cause memories of the traumatic event.
• Negative changes in beliefs and feelings. The way he thinks about himself and others changes because of trauma.
• Feeling accelerated (also called hyperexcitation). It can be nervous, or always alert and attentive to danger. Suddenly you can get angry or irritate. This is known as hyperexcitation.

On the “limit disorder” website, they mention four phases through which the subject passes with posttraumatic stress, which are impact (an emotional overload is created), withdrawn (the situation is denied, produces anxiety), recovery (with prompt The subject helps leaves the crisis in addition to increasing their social capacities and self – esteem) or maladjustment (the crisis is maintained prolonged, the subject lives anxious) (limit disorder, 2019).

The PTSD is more likely, serious and/or durable when the stressful agent is applied directly by man (P. eg., torture, rape, family violence, terrorism). The probability of developing increases when the intensity, duration and/or frequency of the stressful agent increases and when it is directly experienced instead of simply observed or transmitted (P. 8).

This disorder appears at any age, although it is more usual in young people, due to their probability to expose themselves to new situations without measuring risks. They are also often given in people who isolate themselves.

conclusion.

Concluding, posttraumatic stress arises when facing a situation with a stressful or traumant element, which is impregnated in his thinking depriving the subject of rational thoughts, rather he makes him live with fear, anxiety, uneasiness to avoid at all costs that a similar situation of magnitude is repeated again.

It is quite young if we refer to research, because it was thanks to the wars that the interest in studying the consequences that let these situations arise. Obviously, its intensity will depend on each person, but not to leave aside the situation of the affected can be aggravated and do the most difficult therapy.

Bibliography.

• American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
• Bados, a. (May 22, 2015). Post -traumatic stress disorder. Barcelona.
• Carvajal, c. (November 2002). Post -traumatic sister disorder: clinical aspects. Chilean Neuro-Psychiatry Magazine. 
• Crocq, & Crocq. (2000). From Shell Shock and War Neuros To Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A History of Psychotraumatology.
• National Institute of Mental Health. (s.F.). Medlineplus. 
• Kardiner, a. (1941). The Traumatic Neuros of War. New York: Paul B. HOEBER INC.
• Myers. (1915). Contribution to the Study of Shell Shock.
• Limit disorder. (2019). Limit disorder. 
• OR.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (s.F.). PTSD: National Center for PTSD. 
• Van der Kolk. (2000). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and The Nature of Trauma.