The works of Oscar Niemeyer

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The Works of Oscar Niemeyer
The actors and agents in the process of creation new identities through architecture and their roles
The adoption of architecture took place in the year 1962 within the geopolitical service of Lebanon. The instance here followed the invitation of the ambassador of Brazil during that time, Mr. Bolivar de Freitas to Oscar to Oscar Niemeyer for a proposal on what emerge to be Rachid Karame Fair and Exposition site. Niemeyer was by this time familiar with the high commission of Brazil and the close ties that existed between the Lo Corbusier who was situated in New York. Regardless of this neither the migration of the Lebanese to Brazil provides an explanation for his architectural project’s choice (Quirk 42). The work of architect from Brazil would be compatible with the aftermath of independence that had the characteristics of the 1943’s National Pact. Due to the National Pact, Lebanon became independent from France. On the other hand, Maronites’ hope on Europe and West faded while Sunnis also lost their hopes on Syria. In consequence, the pact led to the establishment of the sectarian structure of the government following the latest census of 1932 and the establishment of the power-sharing during the French Mandate (Carranza 29). On top of this, it would permit for the project reaps benefits from the important symbol and conventions realized from the modern architecture.
The patterns and criteria for distinguishing the “own” from the “foreign” in architecture
The president of Lebanon Camile Chamoun started the process of institution building, bureaucracy modernization and the formation of the ministry concerned with planning.

The era that was between the mid of the 1950s and 1970s had the characteristics of many attempts in nation building following civil service renovation, reformation on major projects and the electoral process. However, the incoming problem was the way by which to conceive the state based on the model of a territory that is unified (Quirk 52). The endeavors from the government of Lebanon such as plans, proposals, and reports relating to infrastructure were revelations of the geopolitical calculations that had their objective of calming down the instability of the past decade. On a similar note, the intention was for the formation of a bulwark that could oppose the regional wrangles at the borders due to the emergence of Nasserism in Egypt and revolutionary changes that were also going on in Palestine. Following the 1967 war that lasted for six days, leaders from eight Arab nations met in Khartoum, Sudan where they came up with the resolution of no peace, no identity and no negotiation against Israel (Fraser 32). After two months, the UN forced Israel to vacate the Palestinian territory where Yasser Arafat took control of the nation. The initiatives plus others were adopted in the infrastructure with the literal objective of binding together the landscapes that politically desperate.
The specific architectural themes and elements that are used to transfer the notion of identity

Figure 2: Satellite image redrew of Rachid Karame Fair

Figure 2: Original sketch plan of Rachid Karame by Oscar Niemeyer
An evaluation of the present condition of the satellite photograph of the project as depicted in figure 1 above and sketch design in figure 2 reveals major details that have so far lost. The design sketch vividly shows of a road intended to pass through an elliptical site that finds its way through the boundary at the southern sections and northern sections’ boundaries (Segawa 437). On top of these, the two roads appear to be extending from street grid initially with plans to pass between the coasts. Added to the same, the project made proposals of the residential district accompanied with the puncturing edge with two intersections. Notably, the new district had to contain a collective housing that its completion never happened and also appears that never got serious consideration. From the details that exist within the sketch plan, they reveal of an attempt made by Niemeyer in meditating on various regimes associated with transformation contexts. For instance, the El Mina and Port medieval street patterns, the 1950 grid of development also had the accommodation of the curving motorway by Niemeyer.
A scalar analysis of the relationship of Niemeyer projects relies on the above details. The instance also depends on the context of understanding the polemic against the congestion that had the features of formative moments of the modern planning (Segawa 44). For the purpose of understanding the epistemic model that Niemeyer utilizes towards the reorganization of the movement on Tripoli project, it becomes essential to contextualize on this briefly on the changing attitude towards the movement during the period of the nineteenth century.
The “internal” and “external” factors that influence the making of local identity
The rationality of architecture remains to be critical because of its nature of binding a problem based on the position of spatialized kind of an argument. Where the scalar problem associated with circulation was imminent to the emergence of the planning of the modern times, the scalar problem about street life was similar to the imminent period of the critique. Al the problems emerge due to the response that also comes from varied perceptions. A good example here is the squalor of the nineteenth century (Segawa 48). Added to the same, all the arguments have varied scales of economic activities; based on the origin of the state or the community and its neighborhood. Meanwhile, the speed ideology and efficiency functions declared levels of rhetoric and their implicit contents though this content is more evident in Niemeyer’s proposal. The only issue is that it ends up in the conceiving of the every critique about a different problem.
Whether the patterns can be generalized or whether they locally/regionally specific
Based on modernity, the universality scope and unity of expression had their formation from mutual symbiotic virtues. The reasons that support for this selection remained to be two-fold. First, where the unity critique is considered as a generalized feature that constitutes urbanism and architecture, it should remain to be applicable in each and every project with the inclusion of those that make a declaration of their unity following by certain conditions (Quirk 58). Secondly, the Lebanon’s context offer unstable background where it leads to current criticism of a forced example of the architectural vulnerability based on its contexts. About the expression generated from the modernism virtues out of his work, Niemeyer attempted in the orchestration of the parts of the Tripoli project in a manner that was more coherent and unified. However, the same coherence here leads to an extension of the site’s elliptical boundary that results in the line of variation in his proposal and the present city (Baudin 13). Added to the same, the discontinuity that was there between the project and its contexts forms the major incision where Niemeyer project’s unit lies. Also, the critics and supporters of the architecture of the modern times have given emphasis on the value of this issue where they regard as the discontinuation of another part what is exist in the larger ensemble of parts.
Whether the newly created identities short term results of a long-term process of social transformation
Modern architecture and modernization of projects that is evident were main cause of various crimes. One of the accusations was the continuity in the colonial projects or modern architecture where in both its higher levels of modern and regional inflected phases served the role of reinforcing the subaltern status quo of the population. At the same time, it also resulted in the annihilation of the local variation based on the scopes of the homogenized euro global identities (Hess and Alan 46). On a second note, by a being an instrument for intervention in the urban zones, it seemed under the disguise of the progress in the social reformation and the management of the further unequal development of the city. There is doubling in the criticism line though, at this point, the politics of identity and economics about architectural criticism based on modernism plus its integration with the historical past or models already existed in the period of 1960s (Fraser 39). Also kind of unity that relates with post-colonial criticism all resulted in the generation of the unity of the object of critique. A good example is the failure of the modern projects in the course of their comprehensive utilization. The instance here often occurs despite the demands on serious scholarship cases that have qualifications barring the failures from them. Added to the same, the instance should signify an attack on the critical tools constituting the theory of architecture or its criticism. The reason is because idea of unity is the principle declared concerning the architecture of the modern times as well as the justifications that draw the kind of criticism.
The value of geography in the works of Oscar Niemeyer
Niemeyer believed that expo hall had the intention of disciplining the disagreeable confusion within the large numbers of the unique pavilions. In a reply towards this, the proposal by Niemeyer produces simple concrete shelter that leads to an opening of the Mediterranean breeze that originate from the West (Carranza 36). About figure 3 below, Niemeyer made the suggestion of the pavilions that had the intention of displaying the primary themes that impassion the world despite its contemporary nature.

Figure 3: The Lebanese National Pavilion.
Conclusion
Several elements of the plan by Niemeyer are a revelation of the variations despite the existing unity of the formal way of expression. What remain to be distinct are not exactly the elemental shapes but the rationality that offers guidance of the element that comes into being. In any case, there exists a debate over the value of the variations in the city as at present; there is the need to understand its base on the conditions of optional rationalities instead of the forms of diversity.
Works Cited
Baudin, Antoine. Photography, Modern Architecture, And Design. 1st ed. Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et Universitaires romances, 2005. Print.
Carranza, Luis E.; Lara. Modern Architecture In Latin America: Art. 1st ed. Austin, TX: the University of Texas at Austin, 2015. Print.
Fraser, Valerie. Building The New World. 1st ed. London: Verso, 2000. Print.
Hess, Alan and Alan Weintraub. Oscar Niemeyer Houses. 1st ed. New York: Rizzoli, 2006. Print.
Quirk, Vanessa. “The Complete Works Of Oscar Niemeyer.” ArchDaily. N.p., 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2016.
Segawa, Hugo M. Architecture Of Brazil. 1st ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2013. Print.