Black Holes

Black Holes

Introduction

Almost a century ago, Albert Einstein already knew what a black hole was like, he said in his famous theory of relativity, in which he established that it is an immensely large object capable of deforming space-time, this due to its great masswhich causes a huge gravitational field to produce, a black hole deforms the space-time similar to a very heavy ball on a mattress, causing a cleft, for this reason the sighting of images of a black hole was so important for science,which confirms the theories formulated for a long time by scientists and the veracity of their sayings is proven and how close to reality are.

In the 70s, Hawking was based, he concluded in his radiation theory that black holes are able to emit energy, lose matter and even disappear.

Science has denied different myths about black holes such as their absolute darkness, everyone is the same size, nothing can leave them after being trapped or that if something is very close to them, it will take it to its center, which whichAccording to NASA all are false.

Developing

Previously, images of black holes had not been obtained, due to the fact that the shadows of their rings are very difficult to see because the available telescopes were not powerful and large enough to capture them, in addition to how little IIt was possible to capture was completely blurred, thus removing the ability to make them visible from astronomers and astrologers interested in this study.

When the first photograph of a black hole was carried out last April, a great goal was achieved and science realized that it is on the right path, and that the study for so many years has been worth it, much -part investigationsIn Einstein’s general relativity theory, it has gone in the right line. The discovery of this photograph took around the years, and in the world of physics and astronomy is considered one of the 5 most important discoveries of the last 30 years.

This photograph is too important for the scientific world, because an object is able to capture an immense distance (some scientists have said that taking a photo of a black hole is like taking a photo to an orange on the moon), located inA place where gravity has weakened to the point of allowing the light to escape, and that was also built by images of 8 different telescopes located in different parts of the world that contributed ‘small pieces’ to the final result.

For the year 1783 there was the conception that the light could not be attracted to any body as large as it was, because it did not have a mass, for this reason the scientists of the time discarded the idea of what we currently call black hole, since they did not believe that this body could absorb light. But, when in 1915 Albert Einstein developed general relativity, he showed that the light can interact with gravity and that a very massive body could exert attraction over photons, which are the particles that make up the light.

Robert Oppenheimer and two of his collaborators demonstrated in 1939 that a star with a dough greater than 1.5 times the mass of the sun would collapse until reduced to a singularity, that is, to a zero volume point and infinite density. The term black hole was established by the American physicist John Wheeler in 1967 who chose this name as a metaphor for the possibility of a collapse and the subsequent disintegration of stars and planets.

Although the history of black holes has its origins in the work related to Oppenheimer’s physics and their collaborators, for some years the merely mathematical studies predominated, such as Hawking. The deep physical idea was that they had to represent very different objects to any other type of star, although their origin was linked to them.

They would arise when, after exhausting its nuclear fuel, a very large star would begin to contract irreversibly due to the gravitational force. Thus, there would come a time when a region would be formed, called horizon, which would only let matter and radiation in, without allowing anything to come out, not even light (hence black): the bigger it is, the more they see, andThe more they see, the more it grows. According to the general relativity, there the matter that once composed the star is compressed and expelled.

Not always the collapse of a star ends in a black hole. In that struggle between nuclear forces and gravitational force, collapse can be stopped by giving rise to a white dwarf star or beyond a neutron star. In that process you can realize the explosion of the star, expelling the external material and giving rise to a nova or a supernova. 

This stellar explosion can manifest itself very intensely, so much so that it can be seen with the naked eye as an intense point of light in the sky where there was a star with a minor Hawking intensity dedicated its entire life to investigating the laws that govern theUniverse, so many of his works revolve around black holes, according to him and extremely in the above proposed by Albert Einstein on these objects in 1915, a black hole is a region of space with a concentrated amount of concentrated mass so large thatThere is no possibility that some close object escapes its gravitational attraction, the quantum effects make them shine like hot bodies with a temperature that is lower the larger the black hole, causing them to lose part of its blackness. 

This result was completely unexpected and showed that there is a deep relationship between gravity and thermodynamics, specifically in the second law, that of entropy, which states that everything tends to disorder, in this case to cold. The quantum effects make them shine like hot bodies with a temperature that is lower the larger the black hole, causing them to lose part of its blackness. 

In 1976 Hawking concluded that neither the light can escape these regions, but that they were able to emit energy and lose matter, in 2004 he refuted himself reaching the conclusion that black holes do not absorb everything and that they open and openThey reveal information about what has entered, thus showing us that it happened in the past and that it is expected for the future.

Hawking postulates that, instead of horizons of events, which means catching the information forever, black holes have an apparent horizon, that is, they show the information or release it, so matter and energy are trapped only temporarily,since they can emerge in the form of radiation. This radiation contains all the original information about what has entered the black hole, but arranged in a radically different way, which means that it is transformed by following the first law of thermodynamics, energy is not created or destroyed, onlybecomes.

Since the outgoing information is messy, according to Hawking, there is no practical means to rebuild what has entered from that information. The disorder is attributable to entropy, which in that sense could be compared with meteorological time on Earth. According to Hawking, we cannot rebuild an object that has fallen into a black hole on the basis of the information that escapes its interior, in the same way that we cannot predict time more than a few days in advance.

conclusion

Taking into account the contributions of scientists such as Stephen Hawking, it can be established that according to their theories within a black hole there is accumulated mass, energy and light that contains large amounts of information, which cannot be deciphered. Based on NASA’s contributions we can see that not everything that was taught about black holes is true, for example, that nothing that enters can leave, which is false, since what enters themIt is transformed into radiation.

The great advance achieved with the first photograph of a black hole, allows astronomers and scientistsblacks found in our Milky Way.