Chronic Kidney DIsease

Chronic Kidney Disease
Student Name
Institution Affiliation

Incidence Rates
Age is a massive contributor to individuals getting chronic Kidney disease CITATION Oha07 l 1033 (O’hare, et al., 2007). Data shows that elderly individual is more prone to the disease due to their precursor diseases that cause Chronic Kidney disease. The most vulnerable age is the elderly above the age of 65. Research shows that the incident rate of Chronic Kidney disease among this age group has doubled over the years. There was a 50% increase in the incidences of CKD among the elderly age group (65 years and older), as compared to a 0.5% increase among individuals that are between 20 years and 65 years CITATION Nat12 l 1033 (National Institutes of Health, 2012). In the elderly population, in every four women, one has chronic Kidney disease, while one in every four male has Chronic Kidney Disease CITATION Nat173 l 1033 (National Kidney Foundation, 2017).
Screening Test
One significant effect of kidney failure is the excretion of albumin in urine. This is the background for albumin test to assess incidence of Chronic Kidney Failure. This is done through an urine test to check for the albumin-creatinine ratio. In the male, the specificity of the test is 94% and 69% sensitivity CITATION Jaa07 l 1033 (Jaar, Khatib, Plantinga, Boulware, & Powe, 2007). The cost of this test is approximately $40.00.
PPV and NPV
Population female = 1 in every five
Population male = 1 in every four
       
Step 1: Insert Sensitivity and Specificity      
  Disease (+) Disease (-)  
Test (+) 69% 1 – Specificity (b) All Test Positive
Test (-) 1 – Sensitivity ( c ) 94% All Test Negative
  Incidence Number Population -Incidence Number Total Pop
Step 2: Calculate C & D      
  Disease (+) Disease (-)  
Test (+) 69% 6% All Test Positive
Test (-) 31% 94% All Test Negative
  Incidence Number Population -Incidence Number Total Pop
       
Step 3: Incidence data      
Pop A      
  Disease (+) Disease (-)  
Test (+) 69% 6% All Test Positive
Test (-) 31% 94% All Test Negative
  1 3 4
       
Pop B      
  Disease (+) Disease (-)  
Test (+) 69% 6% All Test Positive
Test (-) 31% 94% All Test Negative
  1 4 5
       
Step 4: Completing the table      
Pop A      
  Disease (+) Disease (-)  
Test (+) 0.

69 1.80 2.49
Test (-) 0.31 2.82 3.13
  1 3 4
       
Pop B      
  Disease (+) Disease (-)  
Test (+) 0.69 2.40 3.09
Test (-) 0.00 3.76 3.76
  1 4 5
Step 5: Calculate the PPV and NPV      
  Population A    
  PPV 27.71%  
  NPV 90.10%  
  Population B    
  PPV 22.33%  
  NPV 100.00%  
       
Step 6: Finances      
Cost of Fake Test   25$  
Pop A Cost per Positive 1000 x $25 = $ 25,000 36231.8841 dollars per positive found
Pop B Cost per Positive 1000 x $25 = $ 25,000 36231.8841 dollars per positive found
       

References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Jaar, B., Khatib, R., Plantinga, L., Boulware, E., & Powe, N. (2007). Principles of Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology, 601-609.
National Institutes of Health. (2012). Kidney Disease Statistics for The United States. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearing House, 2.
National Kidney Foundation. (2017). Global facts: About Kidney Disease. Retrieved from National Kidney Foundation: https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/global-facts-about-kidney-disease
O’hare, A., Choi, A., Bertenthal, D., Bacchetti, P., Garg, A., Kaufmann, J., . . . Landefeld, S. (2007). Age Affects Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of The American Society of Nephrology, 2758-2765.