Genetics 3

The Punnett square is formed on the number of probability that a gene can constitute in combination. Therefore, for an effective result in a Punnett square specific attribute must be accomplished such as an infinitely large population and random mating. With the large population makes it easier to calculate the probability of the offspring. However, the lesser the population or fewer children, calculating the probability of offspring is difficult. The fewer number of children within the genetics of an organism leads to reduced genetic diversity thus making it hard to predict in Punnett square. Additionally, a lesser number of children or population may experience loss or fixation of the alleles making it susceptible to stochastic genetic variation, which affects the chance of determining the probability of Punnett square. Lastly, the genetics of an organism with a smaller population of children can experience a shift in allele frequencies, which also can affect the presentation of offspring probability in the Punnett Square.

Question Two
According to the Mendel theory of genetic inheritance, the (Y) is dominant, and the (y) is recessive therefore the offspring of the two will result in a yellow pea. In the case of a (Yy) which is a heterozygous pea meeting with a homozygous (yy) pea, the probability of having a yellow pea offspring is fifty percent chance. That is, the odds of the offspring will be two (Yy) heterozygous yellow pea and two recessive (yy) green peas. Therefore, based on the Punnett Square results of the two parental meeting, the chances of having a yellow pea will be fifty percent or in a ratio of 2:2 yellow to green pea offspring.

Secondly, the probability of having a pure yellow pear is in F5 generation

Question 3
The scientists learn from their mistake and constantly try to perfect their weakness. This is seen in Gregory Mendel story. In the effort to unveil his scientific discovery on breed experiment, Mendel encountered a lot of critics and defeat. As a scientist, at first, the Brunn Society who thought it was just some gardening work brushed off his experiment (Medina 5). A scientist needs constant failure and critics to improve their work and understand the value of their work.
The comparison of previous review help develops trend analysis which makes scientist maintain relevancy in their research. Comparing review helps quantify the relationship of the result obtained in the experiment and determine the coherent in the research o experiment. Lastly, comparison of current per reviews helps scientist account for discrepancies.

Question 4
According to the blending theory, maternal and paternal genetics blend or mix during the process of fertilization to bring about certain characteristics or trait to be inherited by the offspring. On the other hand, the Spontaneous generation does not necessarily need a similar organism to form but can develop from an inanimate substance. The two models are contrasted in that blending is based on two organisms fusing their genetic composition while the spontaneous model can arise from unrelated living organisms.
The blending inheritance theory was wrong and dismissed by Mendel discovery of the Mendelian inheritance. According to Mendel, alleles were responsible for the transfer of traits and discrete variation of characteristics obtained by offspring. This was unlike of the blending model, which claimed traits of offspring are intermediate of the parents
Question 5
The Hieracium was one of the complex models that Mendel used in his experiment. This plant proved the opposite of the Pisum. For instance, the Hieracium had non-uniform true breeding trait during the F1 crossing. Additionally, the plant longer generation time and F2 generation did not have a distinctive characteristic or did not segregate uniformly as expected. Thus, the Hieracium was complicated and hard to examine. Based on these conclusions, a model organism should be easy to maintain and breed as well as a breed in large numbers.
Question 6
The pedigree hemophilia provided greater insight into the structure of hemophilia. The use of flowchart diagram helped one comprehend the process easily.
Vocabulary
Heredity: this is the transfer or passage of certain characters from one generation to the next
Genotype: this is the genetic found in an individual
Phenotype: this is observable traits possessed by individual from their genotype and environment interaction
Allele: variation of two or more genes located on the same chromosome
Diploid: two set of chromosomes
P generation: this is the initial/parent/first generation
F1 Generation: first offspring of the P generation
Hybridization: this is the measure of genetic similarity between two organisms or a sequence of DNA
Pedigree: a lineage of pure breed parents or family
Punnett Square: diagram that is used to calculate, observe and predict breeding or genetic outcome of the offspring
Part 2
Question 1
Genes are used to define the particular structure of a protein that constitutes the development of each cell and is a short section of a DNA. Chromosomes are constitutes of DNA, while DNA is the chemical composition of cell used for heredity. Looking at a piece of DNA one can easily see the chromosomes especially when colored.
Question 2
Proteins contain enzymes, which are responsible for the metabolic pathway. Therefore, the concept of genes being associated with specific trait and function are based on the presence of enzyme. This indicated the relationship between the proteins and enzymes in the genes through the metabolic chain.
Question 3
The codons are three nucleotides longs since the encoding of 64 amino acids requires about three sets of 4 nucleotides. That is, for every 20 amino acids, the process of encoding needs 4 nucleotides, and therefore a combination of 3 codons can help encode all the 64 amino acids.
Question 4
Based on Dr. Crick’s observation, protein is spontaneous structure and do not exist as linear thread, therefore, making the non-aligned to the letters. Thus, in this case, having letter by letter would not adequately justify the function of the protein.
Question 5
Dr. Crick stresses that the information in the cell is one-way traffic and once it has passed through the protein, it cannot be reversed. This process of transfer is high and does not indicate the rate at which the information is flowing. It does not address the origin of coding or organism (Crick 562).
Question 6
The characteristic and shape of any protein are defined by the sequence of the Amino acid, which is unique across the proteins. During cell mutation, the function of the proteins can easily be tuned or modified by a change in amino acid composition, and this can affect their interaction as well. However, the characteristics of the next generation can be fixed due to lack of interference in the chemical consequence of the protein or the pattern of the amino acid
Vocabulary
Gene: Structure of a protein that constitutes the development of each cell
Central Dogma: This is the process through which information flows from genes into the proteins
Transcription: this is process of duplicating DNA segments into RNA through the help of an RNA polymerase enzyme
Translation: this is the decoding of mRNA to produce polypeptides
Lamarckism: this is a theory through which organism pass their traits from one generation to the next
Macromolecule: molecule that constitutes protein or synthetic polymer formed from their subunits
Genetic Code: this is the process where the organism cell translates information or commands within genes into proteins
mRNA: this is RNA that is responsible for transfer of information to the ribosome
tRNA: this is molecular composition of RNA that links mRNA to amino acids
Ribosome: This is a molecular machine within the cell that is responsible for protein synthesis

Works Cited
Crick, Francis. “Central Dogma of Molecular Biology,” Nature 227 (1970). 561-563
Medina, Milton, N. D. “The Life of Gregor Mendel,” University of Mindanoa. 2015. Print