Kant’S Story And His Contributions To Philosophy

Kant’s story and his contributions to philosophy

Introduction 

At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 18Pietism was a continuation of the religious tendency by Kant’s parents. In this Kant had no doubt on the influence he had, he addresses his parents continuously with great respect and admiration, always remembering his mother as a kind woman. simple and very believer to religion.

At eight years of age, in 1732, he joined the cold school there begins his education, which study everything that is classic and his university studies is begun by the University of Albertina Konigsberg began to go in 1733 by 1733F.A. Schultz theology studio in Halle, was an intimate friend and advisor to Kant’s family. At university in 1740;Kant dedicated himself to physics and mathematics. After the death of his father in 1746, he had to retire in his university studies and has to fight a different life independent.

 Aided by a friend, in 1755, his university studies restart and thus be able to achieve a doctorate in philosophy, even a thesis called (on fire) time later the work (new elucidation of the first principles of metaphysical knowledge), written forGet the authorization of a non -holder teacher, the succession of your writing metaphysics begins. Then Kant protected a Latin thesis according to the first principles of philosophy.

Shortly after he had the opportunity to teach in a university for 15 years, and began to give conferences to science and mathematics, to gradually arrive to reason mostly in all branches of philosophy.

During this stage he was given a reputation as an original philosopher in all Kant’s conferences and writings, but he was not assigned a chair at the university until 1770, when he was given a teacher of logic and metaphysics, already having 27 years I continue to applyHis work and had a greater number of students in Konigsberg.

Some time later Kant makes his first publication, in the country of German, nor in Latin, the work is called (ideas about the true valuation of vital forces), inspires in Leibniz’s physics. In 1762 to 1764, I did works by being recognized as a philosopher in Germany: research on the clarity of the principles of natural theology and morals;The only possible proof to demonstrate the existence of God;attempt to introduce in the wisdom of the universe of the concept of negative magnitudes. It is the period of great intellectual activity is combined with intense social activity.

In these years, skepticism is expanding through Germany taking into account the English and French language, so Kant’s skeptical ideas of Hume’s empiricism came to know. This is possibly referred to when, then, Kant says that he owes Hume to have awakened "of the dogmatic dream". Kant adheres, then, to a criticism of metaphysics, is imbued in Hume but there will be a problem, in not being able to admit his skeptical approaches.

 The construction of which will be called transcendental philosophy (not of the objects of knowledge, but the capacities of knowing a priori of the subject, or having a way of knowing) begins, this identifies the idea of a subject that assigns the subjective conditions tothe possibility that things are better known and thought;The "Great Light" is said to be discovered in 1769.

"Great light" is none other than the notion of transcendental subject, or transcendental subjectivity, namely, the one that imposes the subject of knowledge also the way of knowing or representing us things.

In this same year, 1769 the universities of Erlangen and Jena had an offer of caps. Making a possession of it in the year 1770 with the famous dissertation (on the form and beginning of the sensitive and intelligible world, also considered as the starting point called “critical period” to the extensive of which Kant developed his own and individualistic philosophy.

Developing.

Kant’s deepest work arouses scarce interest and critics relieve the darkness and difficulty;Some time later, however, it raises a high interest that will make it the book that will absolutely change the orientation of philosophy. Kant publishes in 1783, in an introduction mode, prolegomena to all future metaphysics that can occur as science.

In 1793, the publication of "Religion within the limits of mere reason" and in 1994, the "End of all things" was also published these works are based on the philosophy of religion, it is welcomedWith disgust by the Prussian authorities, at a time of the year 1786 to 1797 in which Federico Guillermo II, he had registered the freedom of teaching and printing, unlike what was done by his predecessors, in the year 1713-1740, Federico Guillermo I,Being King Sergeant;In 1740-1786, Federico II el Grande, they had been intensely tolerant.

 The emperor orders Kant to refrain from dealing with religious issues, which Kant promises and meets the arrival of the new emperor, Federico Guillermo III. In 1797, the "metaphysics of customs" appears this work is about the philosophy of law and morals. It is necessary to differentiate from the previous "foundation of the metaphysics of customs" in 1785, a work aimed at the ethical theories of criticism of practical reason.

Kant in 1796, being already tired 73 years old, abandons teaching who had dedicated him for 40 years, in which he had treated his lessons mostly issues that can be taught: logic, mathematics, metaphysics, philosophy of history,Philosophy of religion, moral, physical geography, pedagogy and philosophy of law. In 1799 he began to have symptoms of decay for Kant and leaves the task undertaken to review all his work.

Kant theories

Law of reason: Kant affirms that every human being even the most vulgar mind knows what his duty is. Kant’s need to show consciousness as a court, also as the Judiciary, responds to it, to a more radical need to show reason as the maximum legislative. The duty, of which moral conscience is the Guardian, responds to an imposition of practical reason. The voice of consciousness is, reality, to be more understandable, the echo of the voice of reason. 

Because it is precisely the reason for his voice is dissolved: "The reason, without which n would be heard, is herself indelible" . As already stated in the criticism of pure reason, "unconditioned condition of every voluntary act". The moral reality of human beings is that exactly: the voluntary act "where human reason reveals true chance, where the comings become efficient causes". As mentioned, consciousness is associated with the knowledge of the human being of being the free author of his actions.

Then we can say that consciousness is the judgment of imputation of acts as their own;a responsibility that extends not only in the elderly, but also to children, even those who are considered, suffer from

"Early malice", they also know that reproaches stop doing are "well founded, as if despite that hopeless natural disposition of the mood attributed to them, they would remain as responsible as any other human being". Knowing this way, it is a very general sense, we all know that, in the end, we would have been able to act differently. And this is the ability in which moral consciousness recognizes: although we can deceive external spectators, we could not fool that internal spectator who knows that we can be the first cause and therefore responsible for our acting.

This responsibility is applied in our moral acts comes, for Kant, it does not give independence from those before to choose as they wish, as the most contemporary interpretations of autonomy think, but the ability we can have to act from independent principles ofAll desired thing: "The only principle of morality is to independent the law of all matter (any desired object) and to determine the will through the simple universal legislator form that a maxim must be able to adopt". 

The law in which Kant is directed is of the moral law or also practical objective, different from the practical subjective principles, with the purpose of achieving the specific desires of the people. These last Kant are called hypothetical imperative, they have the form "if x, then y".

From the practical objective principles imposed by reason in its moral use we can find determinations of the will not being subordinated to empirical objects and desires. Even more not being subordinate to the general world, unlike the theoretical reason, it seeksThey correspond to the representations, or an ability to determine towards the realization of these objects, that is, the ability to determine if free causality. 

In a nutshell: the practical reason does not seek to adapt to the world but to mold it. Something, otherwise, typical of any normative thought. The difference begins when it shows that a determination of the will is, for Kant, the practical proposition that the subject adopts, not that he achieves, if the will is free, any subsequent action and the results are free, so they do not achieve the proposed purpose;It’s about wanting, not the consequence of action.

In order for everything to be worth the principles, they have to be adopted by virtue of something that varied between moral subjects, this for Kant, means that they must be adopted by exclusive virtue of their form. A principle that "presupposes itself" is an autonomous principle, which can be assumed by all, on the other hand, a principle that can be equally adopted by all cannot be subject to variable factors, so "only presumed is presumedLikewise". 

Ethics Autonomy:

When do we say a subject that is autonomous? Autonomy does not necessarily follow the quality of someone’s human, perhaps it is not even followed by the ability to self-govern in ordinary life.

The true reasons why this concept of autonomy has formed is that they deserved a deeper reflection that I postpone at the moment. What is evident is that the subject that Kant thinks, has a true (me);that it is impartial for it, but it is doubtful that impartiality ends up understanding how the existence of a single point of view is effectively desirable. If, in this first meaning, "autonomy" refers to a property of the moral subject of his will, and to the second meaning, "autonomy" is identified with a right to ask that an obligation be fulfilled from any responsible person, then we could explainHow respect for freedom of choice or non -interference. Then I will show you, as an explanation of a previous definition of moral autonomy:

– A person is morally autonomous yes, and only if, their moral principles are in effect of theirs.

– Yes, and only if, choose its moral principles.

– Yes, and only if, take responsibility for moral theory and the principles that apply.

In this set of descriptions, which respond to an idea of autonomy as a property of the moral subject.

"Autonomy" is the character of pure practice: a reason that gives laws to itself. Kant expresses the "positive concept of freedom" on the contrary, the "independence of any subject of law". In addition, moral law does not express anything other than the autonomy of pure practice, that is, of freedom;on condition that they can be acode to the Supreme Practice Law.

You can talk about autonomy only to the extent that the determination of the will by pure reason is in itself a synthetic principle.

Heteronomy ethics:

Heteronomy also means the imposition of foreign rules without the consent of the affected subjects;It is, in a nutshell;of authoritarianism.

Kant’s categorical imperative:

Act for duty is to act out of respect for a moral law. Therefore, despite countless norms of conduct that may occur, they all synthesize in a categorical imperative.

It is imperative because duty constants the will and imposes moral action and is categorical because the action for moral has to be an end in itself and never a means to achieve another end. In this way, the categorical imperative becomes a universal and necessary mandate that prescribes good actions in themselves regardless of the consequences. For them the actions oriented according to this imperative are good in themselves.

The categorical imperative therefore explains the actions of goodwill. For Kant there is only a single categorical imperative formulates it in four different modes;are the following:

– "Acts in such a way that the maximum of your behavior can become universal law".

It refers to the form of moral principles, which must be universal because it is precisely universalization that guides the action that allows to determine whether an action is good or not. Therefore, goodness depends on the universalized way as a model of behavior.

– "Proceed so that you treat humanity, both in your person and in that of others, always as an end in itself and never as a means".

Kant In this case, it establishes the fundamental difference between the human being and nature. For them, precisely, all moral action takes into account the dignity of other people as a fundamental principle to respect.

conclusion.

Kantian ethics thus becomes a rational foundation of human rights. The moral law originates inside the human being as an end in itself, which is not subject to any external legislation. Therefore, duty conditions moral action, but as something self-imposed and determined by an autonomous will.