Macbeth and the supernatural

Macbeth and the Supernatural
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Macbeth and the Supernatural
One of the fundamental ideas in Macbeth is the distinction between human nature and outer action as well as the inner life experience. The European warrior does not know how to endure torture. The two lives, the outer and the inner have different qualities as well as culture ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“DOI”:”10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.008″,”ISBN”:”1090-5138″,”ISSN”:”10905138″,”abstract”:”Reputation monitoring and the punishment of cheats are thought to be crucial to the viability and maintenance of human cooperation in large groups of non-kin. However, since the cost of policing moral norms must fall to those in the group, policing is itself a public good subject to exploitation by free riders. Recently, it has been suggested that belief in supernatural monitoring and punishment may discourage individuals from violating established moral norms and so facilitate human cooperation. Here we use cross-cultural survey data from a global sample of 87 countries to show that beliefs about two related sources of supernatural monitoring and punishment – God and the afterlife – independently predict respondents’ assessment of the justifiability of a range of moral transgressions. This relationship holds even after controlling for frequency of religious participation, country of origin, religious denomination and level of education. As well as corroborating experimental work, our findings suggest that, across cultural and religious backgrounds, beliefs about the permissibility of moral transgressions are tied to beliefs about supernatural monitoring and punishment, supporting arguments that these beliefs may be important promoters of cooperation in human groups.

© 2011 Elsevier Inc.”,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Atkinson”,”given”:”Quentin D.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Bourrat”,”given”:”Pierrick”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Evolution and Human Behavior”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2011″]]},”title”:”Beliefs about God, the afterlife and morality support the role of supernatural policing in human cooperation”,”type”:”article-journal”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dbdf666-f9ab-4cce-9536-e8cd5266e81b”]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Atkinson & Bourrat, 2011)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Atkinson & Bourrat, 2011)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Atkinson & Bourrat, 2011)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Atkinson & Bourrat, 2011). The chapter on the Macbeth and the supernatural explains Shakespeare’s expression of the outer and inner life.
Although there has been a conceptual contradiction for the assumptions of the supernatural explanations by Shakespeare, there is considerable evidence that interprets the events in the individual minds. According to ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“DOI”:”10.1111/bjdp.12164″,”ISBN”:”1467-8624″,”ISSN”:”2044835X”,”PMID”:”22417318″,”abstract”:”Although often conceptualized in contradictory terms, the common assumption that natural and supernatural explanations are incompatible is psychologically inaccurate. Instead, there is considerable evidence that the same individuals use both natural and supernatural explanations to interpret the very same events and that there are multiple ways in which both kinds of explanations coexist in individual minds. Converging developmental research from diverse cultural contexts in 3 areas of biological thought (i.e., the origin of species, illness, and death) is reviewed to support this claim. Contrary to traditional accounts of cognitive development, new evidence indicates that supernatural explanations often increase rather than decrease with age and supports the proposal that reasoning about supernatural phenomena is an integral and enduring aspect of human cognition.”,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Busch”,”given”:”Justin T.A.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Watson-Jones”,”given”:”Rachel E.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Legare”,”given”:”Cristine H.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”British Journal of Developmental Psychology”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2017″]]},”title”:”The coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations within and across domains and development”,”type”:”paper-conference”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f2855b44-5136-43f8-a9b6-450c14496c82″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Busch, Watson-Jones, & Legare, 2017)”,”manualFormatting”:”Busch, Watson-Jones and Legare (2017)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Busch, Watson-Jones, & Legare, 2017)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Busch, Watson-Jones, & Legare, 2017)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}Busch, Watson-Jones, and Legare (2017), the supernatural explanations, as well as reasoning about the supernatural phenomenon, develops with an increase in age.
The objective of the study of Shakespeare’s expression of the outer and inner life in Macbeth and the supernatural is to explain how the supernatural belief discourages the individuals from violating the moral norms. The research questions for the study include;
How is the moral transgression related to supernatural monitoring?
Do supernatural phenomena control religious participation?
Does the education level have any effect on the supernatural phenomenon?
The study aims at examining the awareness of mortality in supernatural beliefs, how norms lead to religiosity and the strong belief in God. The project theory includes the fact that mortality salience increases with belief presented in a cultural context. Also, the effects on the affiliated religion predominate Christianity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“DOI”:”10.1038/nature16980″,”ISBN”:”8146113001″,”ISSN”:”14764687″,”PMID”:”26863190″,”abstract”:”Since the origins of agriculture, the scale of human cooperation and societal complexity has dramatically expanded1,2. This fact challenges standard evolutionary explanations of prosociality because well-studied mechanisms of cooperation based on genetic relatedness, reciprocity and partner choice falter as people increasingly engage in fleeting transactions with genetically unrelated strangers in large anonymous groups. To explain this rapid expansion of prosociality, researchers have proposed several mechanisms3,4. Here we focus on one key hypothesis: cognitive representations of gods as increasingly knowledgeable and punitive, and who sanction violators of interpersonal social norms, foster and sustain the expansion of cooperation, trust and fairness towards co-religionist strangers5–8. We tested this hypothesis using extensive ethnographic interviews and two behavioural games designed to measure impartial rule-following among people (n = 591, observations = 35,400) from eight diverse communities from around the world: (1) inland Tanna, Vanuatu; (2) coastal Tanna, Vanuatu; (3) Yasawa, Fiji; (4) Lovu, Fiji; (5) Pesqueiro, Brazil; (6) Pointe aux Piments, Mauritius; (7) the Tyva Republic (Siberia), Russia; and (8) Hadzaland, Tanzania. Participants reported adherence to a wide array of world religious traditions including Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as notably diverse local traditions, including animism and ancestor worship. Holding a range of relevant variables constant, the higher participants rated their moralistic gods as punitive and knowledgeable about human thoughts and actions, the more coins they allocated to geographically distant co-religionist strangers relative to both themselves and local co-religionists. Our results support the hypothesis that beliefs in moralistic, punitive and knowing gods increase impartial behaviour towards distant co-religionists, and therefore can contribute to the expansion of prosociality.”,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Purzycki”,”given”:”Benjamin Grant”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Apicella”,”given”:”Coren”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Atkinson”,”given”:”Quentin D.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Cohen”,”given”:”Emma”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”McNamara”,”given”:”Rita Anne”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Willard”,”given”:”Aiyana K.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Xygalatas”,”given”:”Dimitris”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Norenzayan”,”given”:”Ara”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Henrich”,”given”:”Joseph”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Nature”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2016″]]},”title”:”Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality”,”type”:”article-journal”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9ab81a18-1f59-44c8-a6e3-b61e0c161a57″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Purzycki et al., 2016)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Purzycki et al., 2016)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Purzycki et al., 2016)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Purzycki et al., 2016). As a result, the expected results of the project are based on religious backgrounds, the beliefs of moral transgression through permissibility and also human beliefs on the supernatural phenomenon that promote human cooperation.
References
ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Atkinson, Q. D., & Bourrat, P. (2011). Beliefs about God, the afterlife and morality support the role of supernatural policing in human cooperation. Evolution and Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.008
Busch, J. T. A., Watson-Jones, R. E., & Legare, C. H. (2017). The coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations within and across domains and development. In British Journal of Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12164
Purzycki, B. G., Apicella, C., Atkinson, Q. D., Cohen, E., McNamara, R. A., Willard, A. K., … Henrich, J. (2016). Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16980