Risk Analysis And Evaluation For Evacuations

Risk analysis and evaluation for evacuations

Introduction.

Risk management can be interpreted with a set of measures to identify analyze and quantify the different losses that exist in an adverse event, in which we can reduce environmental, physical, social and economic vulnerability promoting actions on howThe regulations that have been created to reduce any imminent risk that arises, in which the community can be guided to make a correct evacuation, applying each of the different methods of action and guiding the leaders of the different communities.

The risk assessment is the most important step in a risk management management process, however, the most difficult in which it comes to see the probability that there are errors when performing this process is about the identification of the differentexisting risks, the different causes and consequences that the preparation and response have been implemented in the course of time.

To carry out an effective evacuation before some natural disaster, both communities (leaders) and risk management professionals have created areas where people are allowed or denied access and have launched the alert, first response and comprehensive care phasesto the population and early rehabilitation.Faced with any risk that is presented to the community, several actions have been created such as the prevention, mitigation, preparation and alert that people must take into account before, during and after some phenomenon of both natural origin and anthropic origin.

All people are exposed to fires, earthquakes, landslides and landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions or floods. Therefore, evacuation plans have been created that will help people in case any of the aforementioned disasters occur, for this, people must remain informed, trained and prepared for any adverse event that occurs.

Yo. General definitions

In Risk Management it is important to know different concepts that will serve when evacuating an area and preventing accidents with greater catastrophe, so defining these concepts will serve to develop a good plan based on the main rules of risk management.

A. Disaster. – It is a consequence of a catastrophic event that causes lost people, crops, animals, industries and many valuable material belongings.It is a fact that causes great damage to people and the environment, this type of event can be of natural cause or by the human being.Natural disasters are caused by Mother Nature or by natural processes that the Earth has, the seriousness of these disasters is measured by the losses of human life, economic losses and in the capacity of reconstruction of the population.

Disasters caused by nature can be: earthquakes, snow avalanches, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunamis, storm rays that cause fires.And these in general will be divided into two causes either natural or artificial.Non -valid specified source.

B. Risk. – possibility that something dangerous or unpleasant happens, or also to a decision that leads to exposure to some kind of danger.

The factors that make and compose a risk are threat and vulnerability. Risk factors are the set of things that increase the probability of damaging the vulnerable points of a system. The types of risks can be classified as: physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial risks. In a natural issue there are natural phenomena that affect human life such as, for example: geological, meteorological and water, biological or land movements.Non -valid specified source.

C. Threat. – Expression that anticipates the attempt of damage to someone in case the person who is threatened does not meet certain demands. It is an imminent danger that will occur of an event that has not yet passed.Non -valid specified source.

1. Types of threats.

Natural. – They are those caused without human intervention and there is not the ability to know when they will pass. They are classified as: Geological (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, avalanches, sinking) and logical hydrometeoro (hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, phenomena of the boy and girl, droughts, spontaneous fires)).

Natural partner. – These are the reactions that nature has to human activity that is inadequate about some ecosystems, here intervene what are floods, droughts or landslides caused by deforestation, inappropriate management of soils.

Anthropic. – They are those attributed to human action on nature or population. It may be pollution, toxic and radioactive substances;and oil spills also the inadequate operation of gas stations, fuel deposits and explosive deposits. Non -valid specified source.

II. RISK MANAGEMENT

A. Disaster Risk Management

Ecuador is located in the 5 Ranking of Hot Points in Disaster, that is, it is exposed to different natural threats such as: earthquakes, eruptions and hydrometereological threats such as floods, drought droughts of land and tsunamis, so it is a vulnerable country, it is dueTo this that the Government decided to create an entity that can guarantee the protection of the community and the rapid response to these types of threats which would mean a great advance as risk management.

Risk management in Ecuador is preceded by the National Directorate of Civil Defense, this is reorganized on May 26, 2008 to a Technical Secretariat of Risk Management. This once changed on September 10, 2009 to the National Secretariat of Risk Management that aimed to guarantee the protection of the community of the negative effects of disasters of natural or anthropic origin by implementing policies and norms that help prevent, mitigate, manageand face a disaster and also to recover conditions after a disaster.

After the events that occurred on April 16, 2016, it marked a before and after in Ecuador, so, although the response to these events was effective there are still many things to improve in risk management since our country isMultiamezas is therefore the effort to improve the construction of buildings and planning to be able to respond quickly to a disaster. In Ecuador there are norms that prohibit human settlements in high -risk areas to mitigate the possible effects that put the community at risk.

B. Coordination for the response

Basic definitions for the answer:

• URGENCY: It is the unexpected appearance, in a daily place or activity, of an event or multiple cause problem that generates the need for urgent attention by the part of the subject who suffers or his family
• Emergency: It is an event that endangers the community, goods or stability in the services of a community that will require an immediate response from local entities
• Disaster: It is a serious suspension in the functioning of a community due to the interaction of dangerous and vulnerability events that involve losses: human, material, economic or environmental.
• Disasters are treated with means and resources of the national government entities.
• Catastrophe: It is a disaster where the country’s media and resources are insufficient, requiring international help to respond before this.

C. National Response Plan

Phases for emergency and disaster care

Are used in order to better organize resources to address a disaster.

Phase 1 – Pre -hospital care, search, rescue and rescue.

This phase has a short period of duration and is defined in hours or days. The tasks focused on this phase are: evacuation, rescue, pre -hospital care of injured or affected people

Phase 2 – Humanitarian assistance.

This phase lasts for several months. Its main tasks will guarantee the well -being of people in terms of health, education, food security, access to safe water, temporary accommodation, sanitation and other essential aspects for individual and family well -being.

Phase 3 – Early Rehabilitation.

This phase has a variable duration. Its main actions are related to the establishment of temporary strategies of sustainability and production, to the implementation of shelters and analysis of the requirements for the recovery of areas affected by the disaster.

Alert states for dangerous events

Alert states is a fundamental tool for the Secretary of Risk Management to evaluate the evolution of the threat, with the aim of implementing preparation measures to safeguard the integrity of the population and its assets.

Alert levels: four alert levels are established that are associated with colors.

No alert or white

Normal conditions: possibility of null or very low occurrence of a dangerous event. This State does not need a declaration, when the probability of occurrence of an event increases, this will be associated with one of the following alert levels:

• Yellow threat activation: monitoring indicates a significant activation of the threat. The conditions indicate that it can become an event that produces damage to the population.
• Orange Imminent event: conditions refer that the risk is imminent. The probability of event occurrence is very high
• Red event in progress: The event is in development and their evolution, handling and impacts are monitored.

Conclusions:

It is important to point out that the authorities responsible for these alerts should not only evaluate the dynamics of the threat, but also should take into account the status of risk factors such as vulnerability, population exposure among other factors.