Tensile Testing of Metals

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Laboratory Report on Manual Testing of Tensile Materials
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Introduction
The determination of the mechanical properties of materials follows the performance of well designed laboratory experiments that give a replica of an equivalence of the service conditions. In life situations, several components are essential through the nature of the application of loads on a material. Some of these could be tensile, compressive and also shear. Tensile on its own enables the engineers and scientist to arrive at conclusions in relation to properties of materials and their respective behaviors while undergoing stress. For this reason, this report will rely on the objective of evaluating on the stress strain relationship for an aluminum metal
Materials & Methods:
With the use of the manual tensile tester and load, proceed to establish the failure due to the aluminum metal. Also, the attention needs to be given to the accuracy of the acquisition of data. On the same note, the steps should proceed as outlined below;
First, through use of the venier calipers, obtain the measurement of the specimen’s diameter, in this case, the aluminum at its groove cut and also just at its center
Secondly, ensure that the handle is fully out through turning it in anticlockwise manner up to a time when there is a minor occurrence of resistance.
Proceed with the installation of the specimen in the third step through the testing by ensuring that there is a similar amount of threads available at both the top and bottom of the specimen.

Fourthly, have a slack out of the system through making turns on the jack extension with the use of hand up to that moment when it becomes tight. The jack extension is available at the top of the hydraulic ram
The fifth step involves turning the depth gauge on and then raising the linkage rod up that time when the gauge becomes almost bottom out
Finally, ensure that the pressure gauge reads zero value through turning the red needle in an anticlockwise to zero.
Results:
The Stress – Strain Graph using the English system of measure.

The Modulus of Elasticity
It is given by;
=Stress/ Strain
= α/ έ
Also, modulus of elasticity=area under the stress strain graph that obeys hooks law
=1/2*0.2*8000*10-3
=0.8Nmm-3
The Yield Point Stress
Yield stress refers to the stress where the extension occurs at much faster rate with no or little increment on the load. From the graph above, the Yield Point Stress is at (0.4, 21000).
Stress=Force/Area
(21,000/0.4*10-3)Nmm-3
=8.4Nmm-3
The Ultimate Tensile Stress
The ultimate tensile stress point defines the point the maximum strength that the material must bear with the stress before experiencing breakage. In the graph given, the ultimate tensile stress is at (0.6, 23000)
UTS=F/A
=23,000/0.6*10-3
=13.8Nmm-3
The stress in which the specimen fractured
The stress here is also known as breaking point or breaking stress point refers to where a material’s strength weakens (2.4, 19000)
Stress=F/A
=19,000/2.4*10-3
=45.6Nmm-3
The estimated toughness of the material
Estimated toughness of the material will fall in the region where the material is perfectly elastic. In the graph, this point is at (0.2, 8000)
Stress=F/A
=8,000/0.2*10-3
=1.6Nmm-3
The Brinnell hardness (BHN) for the material and the ratio of UTS/BHN

F=, 23,000Nm
D= 0.291*10-3
D1=0.214*10-3
BHN=(23,000/(3.142*0.291.(0.291*10-3-√((0.291*10-3)2-(0.214*10-3)2)))Nmm-3
4.58*10-4(0.000291-√ (8.7*10-8-4.58*10-8)
(2.91*10-4-2.023*10-4)
(4.58*10-4)*(8.87*10-5)
23000/(3.945*10-8)
(2.3*104)/(3.945*10-8)
5.83*1011Nmm-3
BHN=5.83*108KNmm-3
UTS=13.8Nmm-3
UTS/BHN= (5.83*1011)/(1.38*101)
Ratio =4.225*1010