URBAN FORM

URBAN FORM
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1: Central Business District, CBD
A central business district refers to a commercial and business center city. For bigger cities, CBD is equivalent to the financial district. Based on geographical location, CBD coincides with the city center or downtown though these two concepts are not the same. Many cities have a CBD situated from their commercial or their cultural city or downtown. Also, the CBD and the city or downtown center may have a coincidence with the central activities district. Often, a CBD comprises of the concentration of retails and office structures. The population in CBD areas is usually higher when compared to other surrounding districts within the city. On top of this, it is this place that always has the tallest building in the city. Midtown Manhattan so far is the biggest CBD in New York City and even in the world. However, Lower Manhattan or Downtown Manhattan indeed represents the second biggest CBD in New York City and its geographical position is in the southern section of Midtown.
Globalization of cities entails the process where everyone and communities experience and increment in the economic, social and cultural setups. Following this definition, this process has impact on each and every all over the world. For instance, a more kind of integrated world comes with benefits and problems since it affects the economic balance, politics and the culture of various nations. Likewise, globalization of cities limits the freedoms and rights of human beings.

Also, social workers stand a chance of meeting many people who have been hardly hit by the consequences generated by the globalization of cities.
2. Urban and Shopping Plazas.
An urban plaza is a public space that exists at the intersection of major streets set for civic and commercial functions. Often, a plaza has with frontages and landscapes that comprise of permanent pavements meant for parking and trees that at the same time need some little though continuous maintenance. The designing of lots and frontages need take place as Plaza where their paving not marked or set for parking section. Following the definition of a plaza, it remains a fact this place is meant for pedestrians that are situated in town. Within it, it has cafes, restaurants, bars and several series of public markets and other local events.
A shopping mall or plaza refers to a center designated for shopping that has either one or more buildings with complex shops. The shops have merchandisers and interconnected walkways that allow for customers to move freely within the unit. Early shopping malls such as Burlington Arcade that is situated in London and Vittorio Emanuele II found in Milan are still popular and doing businesses. Contrarily, small arcades have been faced out in turn being replaced with big centers or malls that can be assessed by vehicles when making heavy purchases altogether. Likewise, the technical innovations like electric lighting and escalators that were invented in the late periods of the 19th century have also led to rapid transformations of these malls.
Both urban plaza and shopping mall are similar since they are places for carrying out business activities. An urban plaza has sections set aside for sale of commodities the same way as a shopping mall that has several sections set aside for sale of various commodities altogether.
3. American Parks and French parks
American parks have fewer queues among the cast members and good food though not that great. At the same time, with Disney being as an example, in this case, has new Star Tours and good Tiki Room. Added to the same, taking a look at Disney California, one may refer to it as the fourth slot shocker because Theme Park had identified it as the third best park in the world after Disney Sea and the former Disneyland. Yes, the another park such as Car Lands receives a lot of o attention; Buena Vista Street may have been the park that has contributed to the elevation of California adventure to its current elite status. Consequently, it has led to it into being one of the best and also comfortable parks in the worlds to visit. The place is just but funny for hanging out due to so many rides such a Radiator Springs, The story of Midway Mania and much more.
French parks are as well good to visit because of many of them that blend with the world. Examples here are the Big Thunder and Space Mountains plus the Mansion and Pirates. Indeed, when one makes a visit during winter periods, a time when Thunder and Indiana Jones coasters are on closure, Paris parks lag behind the rankings. However, the food service may be low though the Walt that is wonderful on its own ensures that Paris parks are always good all the time. Also, they have the castle that has dragon within their basements that looks very appealing.
4. Continuous and Discontinuous Building Line.
How discontinuous building line shape the street as a public room.
On conventional terms, the urban designers regard the ratio of the height to width of public space as a vital idea when designing a building line. The instance here remains intriguing in that the basic principle of designing and urban center has its presentation minus any argument or any other form of evidence that support the workability of these ratios.

Figure 1: Ratio of height to width of public spaces
The lack of supporting is essential since there are various numbers of examples of streets given consideration as charming despite the height being bigger in comparison to width. All along, streets within climates that experience hot temperatures are mostly constructed narrowly when compared to their height to provide shaded streets. Streets considered to be pleasant in cool climatic environments also show the same feature. An example, in this case, is The Shambles in York, England.
How continuous building line shape the street as a public room.
Fresh developments need to an appropriate response to the present building layouts, streets, and spaces with the scope of ensuring that those nearby buildings have a relationship with one another, connected streets and complementation of spaces with each other. The areas of layouts either new or the current ones must be given consideration in the adjoining buildings, spaces, topography and streets, landmarks and many others. At some instances, there may be the existence of prevailing layout that requires the response from the development and potential improvement. Also, the design should enhance both new and current buildings that show a relationship with each other, connected streets and spaces able to complement each other. The instance here has a chance in the improvement of the present building lines, creation of new linkages between the present streets or provision of new public spaces.

5. Pedestrian Overpasses.
A pedestrian overpass is a bridge with its design for the purpose of the pedestrians and to some extent for the cyclists, house riders and animal traffic apart from the vehicular traffic. Pedestrian overpasses or footbridges as they are sometimes known can complement with landscapes and may also be applicable in the decoration of visually related two defined areas. For most developed countries or nations, pedestrian overpasses are functional and may include the beautiful works out of art and sculpture. In less developed countries, footbridges may only be used by medical clinics, markets, and schools that at some occasion may not find it easy to cross over bridges. In this regard, there has been the development of simple designs for suspension bridges that are sustainable or also easy to construct in the rural localities through use local labor and materials.
A type of an enclosed structure of a pedestrian overpass that exists between two buildings is also referred to as the skyway. Bridges that serve both pedestrians and cyclists are the green bridges. The bridges, in this case, are an essential component when it comes to sustainable transport movement towards those cities that are sustainable. Pedestrian overpass or the foot bridges through their design enable pedestrians to cross water or railways in places that lack nearby roads to permit for a road bridge. At the same time, there are situated across the roads to allow pedestrians safely cross minus causing traffic jams. Such structures are always constructed next to schools to prevent children being knocked by fast incoming vehicles. Added to the same, small bridges may also be applicable in enhancing the beautification of gardens.
References
Bradbury Co., Inc., “Continuous Production Plants For Polyurethane Sandwich Panels.” Bradburygroup.Com. Last modified 2016. Accessed December 9, 2016. http://bradburygroup.com/Products/Insulated-Sandwich-Panel-Lines/Continuous.
Morrison, Megan Taylor. “A Traveler’s Guide To France’s National Parks.” The Active Times. Last modified 2016. Accessed December 9, 2016. http://www.theactivetimes.com/guide- Frances-national-parks.
Pedbikeinfo.org, “Pedestrian & Bicycle Information Center.” Pedbikeinfo.Org. Last modified 2016. Accessed December 9, 2016. http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/planning/facilities_crossings_over-underpasses.cfm.
Rajagopal, “Growing Shopping Malls And Behaviour Of Urban Shoppers.” Lastmodified 2016. Accessed December 9, 2016. 
Rosenberg, Matt. “Why Do Central Business Districts Exist?”. About.Com Education. Lastmodified 2016. Accessed December 9, 2016. 
Stamp, Elizabeth. “Pedestrian Bridges And Footbridges With Amazing Design | Architectural Digest.” Architectural Digest. Last modified 2016. Accessed December 9, 2016. http://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/worlds-best-pedestrian-bridges/all.