US Reconstruction after the civil war

US Reconstruction After the Civil War
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Abstract
Reconstruction entails the events which happened in the U.S between 1863 and 1877. This was the period which followed the civil war in America. As such, the research will address various questions including the transformation of the states which were referred to as ex-confederate, the end of slavery, the situation of the African Americans as far as their rights are concerned as well as constitutional amendments. Evidently, three different ideologies and therefore groups of people including the people who were focused on reconciliation, those focused on white supremacy and those involved in emancipation. These groups of people shaped the events which took place during reconstruction. Obviously, at the end of the reconstruction period, African Americans in the southern state had attained some freedom and therefore a sense of citizenship. President Abraham Lincoln, as well as Andrew Johnson, collaborated to ensure the Southern States considered the upgrade of the rights of the blacks. At the same time, the Congress developed measures such as the Fourteenth Amendment which helped fight for equality in the Nation.
US Reconstruction After the Civil War
Reconstruction is a crucial period in the history of the United States (Kaczorowski, 1986). The reason behind this is that this is the period when the nation had endless questions and misunderstandings about the rebuilding of the nation (Du Bois, 2017).

To address all the questions affiliated with reconstruction, the research will be divided into some sections. The research will follow the outline below:
Introduction.
Statement of the problem.
The Limitation of the study.
Methodology.
Results.
Discussion.
Conclusion.
Room for further study.
Conclusion.
References.
In the introduction, the definition of what happened after the civil war will be critically stated. The problem of the problem will be briefly stated and will entail the exact issue which the research intends to address and in this case the events which took place during reconstruction such as the opposition of justice by the white supremacists (Kolchin, 1971). The study is crucial since it helps to understand the laws which were made after the civil war, the situation in both the northern and the Southern parts of the U.S and the fate of the blacks in the nation as far as their rights are concerned (David, 2009).
The limitation of the study will be the next section and here the factors which stood a chance to prevent the study to proceed smoothly will be discussed. The methodology will follow and it will include the procedures as well as the techniques which will be involved in the development of the entire research. The tools used as well as the approaches of analysis of measures such as the Fourteenth Amendment which helped fight for equality in the Nation will be discussed in this section (Jaynes, 1995). After this, the results of the research will be presented. The section will be followed by a critical discussion of the finding. An interpretation of the situation of the freed African Americans, abolitionists, and the stand of the Confederate officials will be described (Gillette, 1982).
A brief conclusion of the study is then presented. The section entails the summary of the entire research in a nutshell. All key elements of reconstruction including the transformation of ex-confederates, freeing of the blacks, the social life of the African Americans and the constitutional amendments are presented here (Meier & Washington, 1963). Room for further study is then presented in the last section (Rabinowitz, 1978). The gap which the researcher has found and therefore areas where future researchers can explore are presented. A list of all references is then outlined at the end of the paper.
Annotated Bibliography
David, W. (2009). Race and reunion. Harvard University Press. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3R-yvmpYaqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP10&dq=related:5AfUq-G9q-sJ:scholar.google.com/&ots=rk51cLStSZ&sig=OWCa1ZlT6IhFF5AhMvHVPX5Ab4w.
The civil war is among the crucial events in America that has left a permanent imprint in the history of America. In the aftermath of the war, the people of both South and North America had to leave behind the tragic past and embrace a new beginning which was supposed to be characterized by justice and equality. The journey to equality was characterized by opposition from some groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.
Du Bois, W. E. B. (2017). Black Reconstruction in America: Toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in America, 1860-1880. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351376594.
After the civil war, African Americans believed that their suffering had come to an end. There was a proposition that slavery and all the injustices to be eliminated. However, the southern states were against this and they opposed all efforts that were adopted. They were not ready to allow blacks to enjoy all rights as citizens of America.
Gillette, W. (1982). Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869-1879. Retrieved from: https://philpapers.org/rec/GILRFR.
The end of the civil war was expected to bring change in society as well as the political change in the lives of African Americans. The change was welcomed positively in northern states but the southern states were against the change. The 11 southern states were reluctant to collaborate with the legislators in the northern states and pass laws which support the upgrade of the rights of the blacks. However, eventually, the blacks managed to attain justice.
Jaynes, G. D. (1995). Branches without Roots: Genesis of the black working class in the American South, 1862-1882. OUP Catalogue. Retrieved from: https://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780195055757.html.
Some of the basic rights which the African Americans were denied after the civil war include; the right to vote, the right to own property, the right to be free and others. However, after President Abraham Lincoln signed the emancipation program, the blacks were supposed to get employment opportunities like whites to own property and enjoy other rights as citizens of the country.
Kaczorowski, R. J. (1986). Revolutionary Constitutionalism in the Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction. NYUL Rev., 61, 863. Retrieved from: https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nylr61&section=34.
The end of the American Civil War was followed by the struggle for equality among the African Americans. However, the pursuit of justice among these people faced a lot of opposition from the white supremacists, especially in the Southern states. This made the efforts to ensure equal right to be implemented slowly.
Kolchin, P. R. (1971). FIRST FREEDOM: THE RESPONSES OF ALABAMA’S BLACKS TO EMANCIPATION AND RECONSTRUCTION. Retrieved from: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=6987700.
African Americans in the Northern States attained justice and were allowed to enjoy most of their rights. Laws were passed to end slavery and they were implemented immediately. On the other hand, in states such as Alabama which is a southern state, justice was not issued immediately. Both the legislatures as well as the people, particularly, the white supremacists were against the bill to issue the blacks freedom.
Meier, A., & Washington, B. T. (1963). Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915. Retrieved from: http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300457088.
When the Civil War came to an end, African Americans were expecting some constitutional change which would favour their social welfare in America. They had suffered hard labour as well as other forms of inferiority complex. As such, after a lot of attempts to attain their freedom such as through picketing, demonstrations and abolitionists efforts, the emancipation program was passed. This meant that the black was to be freed. However, while the northern states adhered to this, the southern states remained adamant.
Rabinowitz, H. N. (1978). Race relations in the urban South, 1865-1890. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from: http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300537519.
The period before and during the civil war was characterized by a high level of racial discrimination. Whites viewed blacks as inferiors and therefore denied human rights for them. The discrimination was high in the northern states. Even though Abraham Lincoln had signed the emancipation program, white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan fought to ensure that blacks remained inferior in the U.S.