Answer the 5 questions attached on the files. I also send a picture of the book to use to answer the questions

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Question 1
The architects of functionalism consider crime a social fact. Crime, just like other social facts, has the capability of exercising social constraints. Functionalism views consequences of crime as an aspect of the society that is necessary for its survival, unlike its causes. Thomson states that “crime and the subsequent punishment provides a positive social function as it establishes and maintains a social consensus about what is and isn’t deviant behavior” (1). Therefore a society without crime can be regarded as unhealthy, dysfunctional and extremely repressive.
Causation of crime, unlike its consequences, does not help with the survival of society but rather its demise. Causation of crime is an expression of a society that lacks regulations and that encourages individualism as well as aspirations that are unlimited. However, consequences of crime create a deviance, which helps in the creation of a social consensus within the society. The society can agree on what is to be considered wrong or right. Crime is an expression of a person’s freedom, and the fall of crime rates below average is considered as a social disorder.
Question 2
The theory of differential association deals with white-collar crimes and schemes. In criminology, Edwin Sunderland defines a white-collar crime as a crime that is committed by an individual of high social class and respectability during his occupation. White-collar crimes are non-violent, financially motivated and are perpetrated by government professionals and businesses.

According to Cressey “The differential association theory… holds, in essence, that criminality is learned in interaction with others in a process of communication” (29).
A concrete example of a theory of differential association that involves a white-collar crime is a new a newly elected government official officer into a corrupt government. Under differential association theory, the government official will learn to be corrupt. The newly elected government official will not only learn the techniques of corruption, but he/she will also determine the attitudes and motivation towards corruption. Therefore, the new criminal behavior of the newly elected government official is as a result of associating with other corrupt government officials.
Question 3
Social stratification involves the societal provision of ranks to different categories of individuals in a hierarchy and it happens everywhere. Architects of functionalism, such as Davis and Moore, in the Davis-Moore thesis state, that “social inequality is necessary because it fulfills vital system needs” (“The Functionalist View of Stratification” 1). According to functionalist theory, inequality is a necessity for a society to operate smoothly. The society has the responsibility to distribute its members to their various positions in the ranks. The reward in these different positions must also be unequal to ensure that they are all filled with the most important positions rewarded more than the least important ones.
Also, according to functionalist theory “Ranking of positions occurs according to the functional importance and the amount of training or talent associated with the position” (“The Functionalist View of Stratification” 1). According to Davis-Moore thesis, prestige, power and high income come from the scarcity of trained personnel or functional importance. In summary, universal stratification ensures that most trained and talented individuals with the most motivation fill the most important social roles and the less skilled and talented individuals fill the least important roles thus maintaining a social balance in the society.
Question 4
According to Brinkerhoff, Weitz and Ortega, Weber’s model uses three dimensions to determine the social stratification of a society: social class, economic class, and political power (7). Each of these three dimensions has its own stratification. The services and the goods that an individual possesses, as well as his/her income, determines his/ her economical status. On the other hand, the social class of an individual is determined by the honor and prestige that he/she enjoys. Finally, the power that an individual possesses and exercises determines the political status in which he/she is ranked. Individuals with high social status, economical status, and more power are ranked higher in the hierarchy.
In Weber’s model, unlike social and economical class, which have more or less the same impact, power is the main element. According to Pyakuryal “Power has been viewed as the chance of a man or of a number of men to realize their own will in a communal action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action” (14). Social honor can also be obtained from political power. According to Weber, economical power is no match for political power, which can create and shape the law.
Question 5
According to Weber, “bureaucracy is a particular type of administrative structure developed through rational-legal authority.”(“Bureaucracy (Weber)” 1). Bureaucracy is a system that is based on discipline in which leaders exercise power and control over those below them. Weber determines the nature of modern bureaucracy through many ways.
First, is the clarity of specification of jurisdictional areas and the distribution of engagements as official duties. Second, is how hierarchical principles are followed in offices. The third way is by checking how the rules are used to govern the decisions of the organizations. Fourth, is the separation of the properties of the organizations from the properties of the employees. The fifth way is how the officials are selected and compensated. Finally, the nature of bureaucracy is also determined is by analyzing the job security of the officials, tenure of position after trial and their protection from arbitrary dismissal.
Work Cited
Bureaucracy (Weber). n.d. Retrieved from http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/encyclop/bureaucracy.htmlCressey, Donald R. “Differential Association Theory and the Compulsive Crimes”. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 45, no. 1, 1954, p. 29-40. http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4221&context=jclcBrinkerhoff, David B., Rose Weitz, and Suzanne T. Ortega. “Essentials of Sociology,”
Pyakuryal, Kailash. “Weberian Model of Social Stratification -A Viewpoint-” n.d. Retrieved from http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/opsa/pdf/OPSA_07_02.pdfThe Functionalist View of Stratification. No Date. Retrieved from http://faculty.upj.pitt.edu/dsantoro/davis_moore.htmThomson, C. H. “Functionalist Perspective of Crime”. Sociologytwynham.com. January 16, 2009. Retrieved from https://sociologytwynham.com/2009/01/16/functionalist-perspective-of-crime/