Blood Calcium

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INTERACTION OF THE THYROID, PARATHYROID AND THE SKIN IN REGULATING BLOOD CALCIUM
Our body stores 99 % of calcium in the bones; only 1 percent circulates in the blood. Maintaining the right levels of blood calcium is essential as it keeps bones healthy and supports normal muscle and nerve functioning. To regulate the right blood calcium levels one has to consider; parathyroid hormone, calcitonin as well as vitamin D.
Basically, the processes occurring in the gut, bones, as well as kidneys influence blood calcium. Constantly bones undergo changes; cells called osteoclasts break them down to release calcium into the bloodstream. In the same way, bone cells called osteoblasts take up the blood calcium by using the minerals to produce new bones.
The parathyroid gland is in the form of four pea-sized nodes. Due to calcium in the blood, the parathyroid gland releases a hormone known as the parathyroid hormone (PHT). The parathyroid hormone will elevate the calcium intensity by quickening osteoclasts to modify the bone, in turn, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.
The PTH flags the kidney to reserve calcium by losing the excreted amount through urine. Similarly, PTH prompts kidney production of active vitamin D which speeds up the absorption of calcium from the gut. Either low or high levels of PTH lead to abnormally low and excessively high levels of calcium in the blood respectively (Feingold et al.,. 1987).
The skin acts a medium to absorption of vitamin D.

Vitamin D inactive form is known as calcitriol and is a hormone that regulates blood calcium. Vitamin D is essential for absorption of dietary calcium in the small intestines (Soilu-Hänninen, M. et al., 2008). Low blood calcium due to low absorption leads to diseases like rickets.
The thyroid gland produces calcitonin a hormone that operates to lower levels of calcium in the blood. It inhibits osteoclasts functioning by slowing the breakdown of bones. Also, it opposes the action of the PTH on the kidneys by increasing calcium excretion in the urine. Calcitonin in high levels caused by a thyroid tumor results in increased blood calcium.
REFERENCES:
Feingold, Kenneth R., and Peter M. Elias. “Endocrine-skin interactions: cutaneous manifestations of pituitary disease, thyroid disease, calcium disorders, and diabetes.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 17.6 (1987): 921-940.
Soilu-Hänninen, M., et al. “A longitudinal study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone levels indicate the importance of vitamin D and calcium homeostasis regulation in multiple sclerosis.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 79.2 (2008): 152-157.