Chapter Questions

Chapter Questions
Name
Institution
Chapter Questions
Chapter 17 Review Questions
Question 1
The US pharmaceutical industry is research driven and invests heavily in research and development activities as compared to the manufacturing firms. The amount spent on these activities is around five times that spent in manufacturing companies (Hammaker & Tomlinson, 2011).
Question 2
Managed care organizations are involved in cost management; this has forced the pharmaceutical industry to reduce investment in research and development. Again, the pharmaceutical firms can no longer market their products directly to physicians; managed care organizations act as an intermediary between the two.
Question 3
The federal and state laws regarding medical marijuana are not consistent since they keep on changing. Markedly, some countries like California have enacted legislation that gives citizens a right to use this drug for medical purposes.
Question 4
Branded drug companies are afraid of losing drug patents and thus have decided to pay generic manufacturers not to enter the market.
Question 5
Vaccine laws and funding vary from one state to another. Children get more attention than adults.
Chapter 20 Review Questions
Question 1
There exist no global standards for sharing electronic medical records. Therefore, there is a need to introduce an ideal standard norm to ensure compatibility between PHRs and EMRs.
Question 2
The Web sites which are legally covered by HIPAA are entirely different from those that voluntarily abide by these laws in that the compliant Web sites can change their policies any time they want without even notifying the regulatory authorities.

Question 3
The limitations on the use of identifiable prescription data are unconstitutional because they curtail commercial speech which is protected by the constitution.
Question 4
Some of the electronic communications in the public domain include information posted in health blogs, chat rooms, podcasts, and wikis (Hammaker & Tomlinson, 2011).
Question 5
Google has entered the online medical space with the Cleveland Clinic in a move to allow patients to have more control over their IMI.
Chapter 21 Review Questions
Question 1
Hammaker and Tomlinson (2011) argue that disease management is essential in reducing medical costs besides improving the quality of healthcare. Furthermore, when an employee is out ill, the employer incurs costs that go beyond the job the sick worker performs.
Question 2
An effective disease management program involves evidence-based practices, self-management tools, and population identification.
Question 3
The current trend of employers shifting medical costs to employees is likely to reduce long-term expenses since workers will try harder to stay healthy because they will cater to their healthcare costs.
Question 4
The pay-for-performance programs are widespread. However, there is not enough evidence regarding their effectiveness. Opponents describe them as ill-disguised initiatives that attempt to copy managed care programs.
Question 5
The study sponsored by the Commonwealth Fund was meant to explore disease management in a P4P program that had been put into practice by the PacifiCare. The results showed a physician network that provided bonus pay was better than a system that did not offer bonuses.
Chapter 23 Review Questions
Question 1
Medical errors result in a loss of thousands of lives annually alongside the loss of billions of dollars incurred as costs every year (Hammaker & Tomlinson, 2011)
Question 2
The intention of encouraging patients to choose better health care facilities is to ensure that they get high-quality care from the competing medical centers. Nonetheless, they are reluctant to do so because they lack relevant data concerning the potential benefits and risks.
Question 3
Patient safety organizations can be defined as institutions that help hospitals, in particular physicians to monitor patient safety which in turn reduce medical errors and result in improved patient outcomes.
Question 4
Evidence-based guidelines are vital in preventing a significant number of adverse events. However, they are not mandated (Hammaker & Tomlinson, 2011).
Question 5
The FDA proposes various reforms concerning drug regulation and safety; they include:
The need to balance user fees and federal appropriations
Post-marketing drug surveillance
Balancing drug safety against access to innovative treatments
More effective use of prescribed drugs
References
Hammaker, D. K., & Tomlinson, S. J. (2011). Health care management and the law: Principles and applications. Cengage Learning, Inc.