Does exercising make people happier?

Does exercising make people happier?
In this research study, the randomized experiment has been selected to determine whether or not exercising makes people happier. The college play gymnasium has been selected as the preferred setting for conducting the survey. The number of subjects in the survey will be fifty. Besides, the data collection will be performed on two different groups of subjects. The control group that comprised of the 25 subjects that do not perform exercise regularly and the treatment group that comprises of 25 subjects that perform exercise regularly. The recruitment of the participants will be randomly but on a voluntary basis. During the data collection, happiness levels will be determined just before the commencement of the exercise and at the stop of exercise for the treatment group of the subjects. The same will also be conducted for the control group. In this case, the experiment will be conducted between the subjects design (Remler & Van Ryzin, 2015).
Does an e-reader make people read more?
Just like the first case, the randomized experiment will be used to assess whether an e-reader makes people read more or not. In this case, the college library will be used as the survey setting. The number of participants for this survey will be thirty. Moreover, the recruitment of the participants will be on a voluntary basis but selected randomly. Fifteen of the subjects will be a subject group that is not e-readers and the other fifteen are the treatment group that is active e-readers.

The survey will be conducted for a period of five hours. Then the subject will independently be asked whether e-reading makes them read more or not as a way of collecting data. Additionally, the experiment will be conducted between the subjects design (Vandenberg, 2014).
Does knowing that a job seeker spent time in prison make employers less likely to hire the person?
For this survey, phenomenological research design will be used. Moreover, the participants in the study will be 10 human resource managers from 10 reputable organizations. The recruitment of the participants will be on a voluntary basis after the authorization from the organization’s management. As part of the data collection, the participants will be interviewed where they will be asked whether or not knowing that a job seeker spent time in prison make employers less likely to hire the person. However, the experiment will be conducted within the subject design (Remler & Van Ryzin, 2015).
Appropriateness of the natural experiment for this study.
A natural experiment can be defined as an empirical study whereby the outcome of the study is influenced by nature or even factors that are beyond the control of the investigator. Therefore, the case of the two manufacturing companies merging and one of then switching to the close panel HMOs of the other company can be used as a natural experiment to determine the closed-panel HMOs on the medical care usage (Weiss, 2015). This is because, in the closed-panel HMOs, the insured in this case the company’s staffs have no control of the referrals to the physicians of their choice. Therefore, provides a perfect natural experiment that has the ability to evaluate the effects of closed-panel HMOs on medical care usage (Remler & Van Ryzin, 2015).
Description of the data for this study
In this case, the data that I intend to collect should have the following features. First, the data should be simple and easily be interpreted by the parties concerned. In this case, the concerned parties are the two companies and their staff. Second, the data should be in a position of addressing the research question. Third, the data should also take care of the ethical considerations of the subjects. Fourth, the data should be verifiable and be able to be reproduced by the similar study. Fifth, the data should be readily available upon request (Ryan & Cadogan, 2015).
Data analysis
Data analysis is the process that involves the systematic application of the statistical techniques with the aim of illustrating as well as evaluating the collected data. In this case, I would analyze the data as follows. First, I will undertake the initial preparation. Under the initial preparation, I will try to understand the objective of the study, justification of the study, the audience that the study targets, the analytical methods to be used, and the data itself. Second, I will establish the suitability of the collected data in regards to the research question. Third, I will decide on the appropriate tools and methods that are best suited for the analysis process. Fourth, I will begin to interpret the result, but I will try to avoid drawing a conclusion unnecessarily without proper backing. Fifth, after interpreting the result, I will undertake result presentation. However, I will emphasize on the important variable and the research topic (Ryan & Cadogan, 2015).
The validity of the causal conclusions and the potential weaknesses
I will establish the validity of the casual conclusion of the research by performing both the exogeneity and the comparability test. A research study with a good natural validity must be in line with the exogeneity rule. This is to say that the independent variable variation should not be driven by the outcome or anything related to it. Besides, the both the comparison group and the treatment must be homogeneous or comparable. One of the potential weaknesses of this approach is that it is not easy to establish the validity of the unmeasured characteristics (Remler & Van Ryzin, 2015). Therefore, the researcher will have no option but to guess the validity.
The generalizability of the study
Generalizability is a phenomenon where reasoning is drawn from broad inference based on a given observation. Though most studies always strive at attaining a specific aspect of the human experience through rigorous study, generalization as a factor of knowledge is held highly by the researcher (Remler & Van Ryzin, 2015). There are three types of generalization models, namely statistical generalization, transferability generalization, and analytic generalization (Donmoyer, 2013).
References
Donmoyer, R. (2013). Generalizability and the Single-Case Study. Case Study Method, 3(5), 1st ser.,
45-68
Remler, D., & Van Ryzin. G. (2015). Research methods in practice (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
SAGE
Ryan, C., & Cadogan, C. (2015). Mixed Methods Research in Pharmacy Practice. Pharmacy Practice
Research Methods, 107-121
Vandenberg, R. (2014). Organizational Research Methods: Yearly Update. Organizational Research
Methods, 14(1), 3-5
Weiss, B. A. (2015). Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). Encyclopedia of Health Services
Research, 2(3), 27-36