History Of Psychoanalysis And Its Relationship With Sigmund Freud

History of psychoanalysis and its relationship with Sigmund Freud

Introduction

Psychoanalysis is a current that was founded at the end of the S.XIX in Vienna (exactly in 1898) by Sigmund Freud. Basically, it is based on clarifying the unconscious processes that appear in childhood, and that in the future affect their behaviors and emotions. The fact that people develop is based on sexuality. Freud was born in Freiberg (Germany) in 1856 and died in London in 1939 for cancer. When he was five years old, his family moved to Vienna. He studied medicine, was interested in literary authors and also went to philosophy classes. In 1885, they give him a scholarship and go to Paris to study with Jean Martin Charcot (neurologist known for using hypnosis when there is a hysteria). The following year, he returns to Vienna and with the doctor and physiologist Josef Breuer begins to write "studies on hysteria" that was published in 1895 and took into account the case of Anna or. (Breuer patient). He perceived several symptoms in that patient: that he had two personalities (one sad and the other child), who felt calmer when talking about his hallucinations or dreams and whispered in a few words in his absent moments, and Breuer repeated them in the hypnosis and she remembered those moments.

Developing

At the moment in which psychoanalysis arose, there was a growth in demography, a notable advance in medicine and the fundamental thing at that time was to use an object that was experimental and that could be measured.

Psychology was associated with natural sciences with the aim of having fame. Some psychologists (Weber, Wundt, Deathner) were looking for the relationship between the physical world and the mind. William James wrote "Principles of Psychology" in 1890 and defined consciousness as something continuous that does not have the possibility of decomposing and thought it was better to devote himself to studying what he served and ignoring his organization. There were several ideas that wanted to reach: equality, freedom of expression, well -being, improvement in education and social justice, among others,

Within the Freudian psychoanalysis there were several theories. In psychosexual theory it was said that hysterical neurosis originated in memories that we had in the unconscious, which referred to sexual issues and that had occurred in childhood. It also separated five stages when developing sexuality: oral, anal, the phallic, the Oedipus complex and the genital. Interpreted dreams thinking they were the reflection of unconscious processes and many times related to something sexual. For example, if the objects had an elongated form they represented the penis. Apart from this, he divided the mind into three sections, which were: the unconscious (where the subjective part was kept, that is, thoughts, emotions …), the conscious (the real) and the preconscious (the memory was kept and separated the previous structures). Finally he also raised personality theory, in which he differentiated the it, the self and the superego. The it was in the unconscious part and sought to please the needs and desires of the individual. The I, on the other hand, was in the conscious part and its objective was that we reason and that we had a correct behavior. The superego was also in the conscious part and was between the two extremes. To have a good quality personality, there had to be a balance between it and the superego.

The way he had to do his therapy was to place himself behind the couch in which his patient was, so that they could not be seen and does not tell them what he thinks or gives them advice.

Some of the influential theories in Freud were those of the authors: Nietzsche, Charcot, Breuer, Darwin and Schopenhauer.

Although Sigmund Freud was its maximum representative, there are also other people who influence the psychoanalyst current, founding new theories or simply questioning those of Freud himself. One of them was Winnicott: he focused on space and transitional objects, and the relationship with the mother. He assumed that if there were failures in childhood at the time of supplying stimulation, you were going to suffer from mental damage. In the child’s growth, he relates to his environment and the beings around him. He first linked to objects that can change, that is, they are transitional and they get the difference between self and me not. Several women also influenced, which are: Melanie Klein and Karen Horney. The first is known for his theory of object relationships and for investigating child psychoanalysis. The unconscious fantasy was one of the parties to which children were developed. In his theory of relationship. This theory is important to solve the concept of Oedipus. The second, at first, was Freud’s disciple but later stood against him in some ideas. She created the American Psychoanalysis Institute.

Although Jung partly influenced Freud’s life and at first he was Freud’s disciple, they later had discussions due to the different way of thinking and for the trip they made to America. For those reasons, she separated from him and created her own psychology, which was the deep. Her theory gave importance to psychic energy as the main engine of human functions, and left libido in the background. It differentiated several contents: the conscious that had the four basic functions (thinking, perceiving, feeling and intuiting), the personal and collective unconscious and the complex of the personal unconscious (appears when the conscious and unconscious parts of the psyche face.

Like Jung, Adler thought that Freud gave much importance to the sexual issue. The three basic concepts of him are: the feelings of inferiority (from these the personality is formed, seeking perfection), the impulse to power (personal development) and the community impulse (it favors a good adaptation). He also proposed that in the therapy there were three phases: the discharge is the one that the patient tells his problems, the breath when we have to encourage him to leave forward and finally, the load, which is the stage in which a way of life appropriate to the person.

Sullivan is also part of psychoanalysis, although Freud’s follower cannot be considered, since he did not use his vocabulary and rejected many of his concepts. His approach was in interpersonal relationships between people and personality.

Erich Fromm’s theory is based on helping humans to be themselves. He said that in order to understand the human mind we have to find a meaning in our lives, taking into account its positive side.

Finally, Lacan defines the concepts of pleasure and enjoyment, and gives much importance to language since it together with the conscious of the unconscious. His goal in therapy was to seek the meaning of what the patient said and reach a common conclusion so that he can have a better quality of life.

You could say that he has four areas in which it can be applied: in the functioning of the human mind, method of treatment for psychic problems, to investigate and to see and analyze cultural and social phenomena. Taking this into account, we can conclude that they would be the clinical field (for example, those who believe they can be under some psychic symptom), that of education (it makes the teacher better understand the student for concepts such as drive, desire, Oedipus complex …), Health (psychoanalysis believes that if a person is bad it is not because humor) and artistic (because many of the concepts that have investigated in psychoanalysis, for example, hate and sexuality can be observed in literary works).

conclusion

As you can see, psychoanalysis has been one of the most important currents of psychology and also in which many psychologists have shared in one way or another, even having such different ideas. They have caused new theories on the same issue, such as mental processes, phases and child development, the behavior of the individual emphasizing unconscious mental processes, the interpretation of dreams and the importance of sex as a basis. Something that we can get from this current is that it facilitates the patient to understand their problems or concerns, based on their unconscious processes (something that the patient does not realize or evaluates) but are influencing in their day to day to day. Although all their theories are known, you are not scientifically compared or verified.