Hypothesis Formulation And Types Of Study In Which They Develop

Hypothesis formulation and types of study in which they develop

In this essay it will be proposed that at this point in the investigation it is necessary to analyze whether or not it is convenient. Likewise, it will be defined that it is a hypothesis, a classification of the types of hypotheses will be presented, the concept of variable will be specified and ways of deducting and formulating hypotheses will be explained.

In everyday life we ​​formulate hypotheses about the situations that happen to us, we also seek the veracity of these to verify how true they can become. In investigations it is important to formulate these hypotheses that will support our research. Sampieri, Fernández and Baptista (2006) tell us that the hypotheses are explanations of the investigated phenomenon formulated as propositions. These hypotheses are fundamental in the research process, since from here the success that it will have. These can be proven by different personal experiences or by deduction of investigations already proven.

The hypotheses are mostly proven in the quantitative field, since they are developed in the deductive area, rather than the qualitative one, however, they can also be used in qualitative as long as it is of correlational or explanatory scope. There is an important factor that helps us to know clearly when we must formulate hypothesis. Sampieri et al. (2006) mentions that “we all quantitative research pose hypotheses. The fact that they are formulated depend on the initial scope of the study ”(p.

122). The studio scopes are four, but not all of you can elaborate hypotheses. Correlational, descriptive and explanatory scopes are those associated with the hypotheses. These scopes are to forecast facts that will help us in the investigation.

The hypotheses are not always true since sometimes they can not be checked with true data. Sampieri, et al (2006) mentions that "the hypotheses are tentative propositions about the relationships between two or more variables, and rely on organized and systematized knowledge" (p. 123). These variables must be proven and at the same time describe the type and relationship they have with each other.

Now it is important to know the concept of variables since it is the main element of a hypothesis. Cortés and Iglesias (2004) mention that "a variable is a property that can vary and whose variation is likely to be measured or observed" (p. 24). These variables are applicable to living people or beings as well as objects or facts to which various values ​​are assigned from the variable to which it refers. These same variables help us classify the elements that we have already investigated and have an important value within scientific research, but it is even more when these variables are related to each other, because it is here that they are part of the hypothesis itself.

To know where the hypotheses arise, the process of literature review is important. According to Cortés and Iglesias (2004)) "The review of literature is through which the relevant information about the problem to be investigated is consulted, extracts and collects". (p.24) This process will help us familiarize ourselves with the study problem also to expand the review and during this we will refine the entire approach made, from here the hypothesis arise. During the realization of this process we can raise other hypotheses, in this way it will bring us new ideas.

It is necessary to know that for a hypothesis to be considered one, it must meet certain characteristics. Sampieri et al. (2006) describes five main characteristics that a hypothesis must comply. They must also have understandable and precise terms. The relationship between variables must be clear and plausible, at the same time they must be observable and measurable. Finally, these hypotheses must be related to techniques available to test them.

Various types of hypotheses have been classified, however, only four types of these will be described. One of them is the research hypothesis. According to Sampieri et al. (2006) “The research hypotheses are tentative propositions about the possible relationships between two or more variables, and must meet the five requirements mentioned. They are usually symbolized as Hi, and they are also called work hypothesis ”(127). Any research work must take this type of hypothesis as a nucleus of its structure, such as the final objective.

Thus, the descriptive hypothesis is also derived, this type can be used in descriptive studies. Sampieri et al. (2006) “The purpose of this derivation is to try to predict data or value in one or more variables that will be measured or observed” (127). This tries to describe the qualities of a phenomenon taking into account different aspects according to the investigation, such is the case of a population with great population growth, here are factors that help to corroborate this increase, such as the area in which They live, to which these people are dedicated to what level of education they have.

Another referral of the research hypotheses are the correlational hypotheses, in this case since it marks a relationship that a variable has with another and how it can affect one another. Morlote and Celiseo (2004) mention that correlation hypotheses specify a relationship between two or more variables. The order in which these are placed does not influence each other since they do not have a cause and effect relationship, but it establishes how they are related to each other through descriptive factors (page. 74). With these the explanatory scope is approached since it explains or expresses that when one variable increases the other decreases. On the other hand, there are the causal hypotheses that, unlike the correlation these variables if they affect one of the other. Cortés and Iglesias (2004) mention that the hypothesis of chance "establish cause-effect relationships, not only affirm the relationships between the variables and how they occur, but also propose a sense of understanding between them" (p. 24). In these hypotheses you should always find a word that indicates by chance. A clear example occurs in prayer "Applying a force to an object has the effect of the movement of that object", here it is described that the cause is the force that is applied to an object and as a consequence it has that it has movement.

Thus, null hypotheses are also described, these are totally contrary to the previous ones. These try to refute or deny the variables. A clear example can be – smoking does not cause cancer – here it is described that a variable does not affect the other or have no relationship. For this hypothesis to be null, it must first keep a research process that ensures that the situation is refutable.

Then we have the alternative hypotheses that according to Sampieri et al. (2006) "Alternative hypotheses are different or alternate possibilities to the research and null hypothesis" (136). A clear example taking up the past would be – smoking does not cause cancer, but awakens appetite – here we see that it does not refer to a cause but to an alternative option to smoke.

Statistical hypotheses are the transformation of research hypotheses, null and alternative in statistical symbols. They can be formulated only when the study data that will be collected and analyzed to approve or disapprove of the hypotheses are quantitative numbers, percentages, averages. That is, the researcher translates his research hypothesis and his null hypothesis and when alternative hypotheses are formulated, also) in statistical terms.

Statistical estimation hypothesis correspond to those that were called, when speaking of research hypotheses, ‘descriptive hypothesis of a variable that will be observed in a context’. They are designed to evaluate the assumption of a researcher regarding the value of some characteristic of a sample of individuals or objects, or a population; and are based on previous information. Suppose that, based on certain data, a hypothetized researcher: the monthly average of cases of psychoneurotic disorder characterized by asthenic reaction, treated in hospitals in the city of Caracas is greater than 200 ′. And you want to transform this research hypothesis into a statistical hypothesis.

Statistical correlation hypothesis is the meaning of these hypotheses is to translate a correlation between two or more variables in statistical terms. The symbol of a correlation between two variables is ‘r’ lowercase and among more than two capital ‘r’ variables. The hypothesis ‘A greater cohesion in a group, greater efficacy in achieving their primary goals’ can be translated as follows:

Statistical hypothesis of the difference in means or other values ​​a statistic between two or more groups is compared. For example, suppose that an investigator raises the following study question: do the newspapers ‘Last News’ and ‘El Nacional’ differ in the average monthly publishers dedicated during the last year to the topic of world disarmament? His research hypothesis could be: ‘There is a difference between the average monthly publisher that dedicated, during the last year, to the theme of world disarmament the newspaper Last News, and the one dedicated by the newspaper‘ El Nacional ’. The statistics that compare between the editorial groups of ‘Latest News”, a group, and editorials of ‘El Nacional’, another group is the average (x).

One can read in an article in a scientific journal a research report where only the research hypothesis is established; and, in that same magazine, read another article where only the null hypothesis is established; a third article in which only statistical research hypotheses and null hypothesis can be read (or nothing more one of them; a fourth article that contains the research hypothesis and alternative hypotheses translated into statistical terms; a fifth article where they appear Alternative hypothesis, null and hypotheses, with their corresponding statistical hypotheses.

In studies that contain quantitative data analysis, the following options are common:

1. Research hypothesis only,
2. Research hypothesis plus statistical research hypothesis plus null statistical hypotheses,
3. Statistical Research and Null Hypothesis.

According to Sijas F. (1993) “Some researchers only explain a statistical (zero or research) hypothesis presupposing that whoever reads their report will deduce the opposite hypothesis. There are even those who omit to present their hypotheses in the report, thinking that the reader will have to easily deduce them or that the study user is not familiar with them and will not be interested in reviewing them (or do not make sense to him). Our recommendation is that all are present (not only when raising the hypotheses but during all the investigation)."

Basically the investigation must carry the hypotheses that are adequate. It all depends on the type of research that will be carried out. Some investigations contain a wide variety of hypothesis because their research problem is complex, they intend to relate 15 or more variables, while others contain one or two hypotheses. It all depends on the study to be carried out. The quality of an investigation is not necessarily related to the number of hypotheses containing. In this sense, you must have the number of hypotheses necessary to guide the study, and no more or less. Of course, human behavior research is complex and it is not strange.

In an investigation, descriptive hypotheses of a variable, correlational hypothesis, hypothesis of the difference in causal groups and hypotheses are formulated? Yes. In the same investigation, all types of hypotheses can be established because the research problem requires it.

Studies that begin and conclude as descriptive, will formulate descriptive hypotheses, correlational studies may establish descriptive hypotheses, correlational hypotheses and group difference hypothesis when they do not explain the cause that causes difference, and explanatory may include descriptive hypotheses, hypothesis correlational, and causal hypothesis.

It should not be forgotten that an investigation can address part of the problem descriptively and explanatory part. Descriptive studies do not usually contain hypotheses, and this is because sometimes it is difficult to specify the value that a variable can manifest.

To conclude we must keep in mind that the hypotheses are tentative propositions about the relationships between two or more variables and rely on organized and systematized knowledge. The hypotheses normally arise from the problem approach and the review of literature and sometimes from theories. It is also important to mention that the hypotheses must refer to a situation, a context, an environment, or an empirical event.

References

• Castañeda, De la Torre, Morán and Lara (2004), Research Methodology, Mexico, McGraw Hill.
• Cortés, e. and Iglesias, M. (2004). GENERALS ON RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Mexico: Autonomous University of Carmen.
• Sampieri, r. H. (2006). Investigation methodology. Mexico, DF: Ultra.
• SIJAS, f. (1993). Sampling research. Caracas. Editions of the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Central University of Venezuela