introductions to database information systems 2

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Introduction To Information Systems.
4-1; The categories that describe the nature of information resources can be considered as structural, non-structural and half-structured and the characteristics that distinguish them are accuracy, precision, completeness, consistency, timeliness , duplication and bias.
4-2; Metadata can be defined as information about data as it clarifies the nature of information and definitions of metadata in structured information are such as fields, tables and how they relate to each other while for semi-structured and unstructured information, the metadata defines properties of a document or source that is useful in fragmenting the information which is less categorized.
4-3; The characteristics of information that affect quality are accuracy (example being birth certificates and pricing have to be exact, or the quality of information is lost), precision (one can not round up a survey number), completeness (zip-codes cannot help without an address accompanying it), consistency (when people generate different reports they create different definitions), timeliness (outdated information has less value than up-to-date information).
4-4; The early design approaches to managing information relied upon the utilization of tables, records, and fields where all attempts to hold digital information resource in file processing systems with each department having their own data management system.
4-; The major disadvantages of file processing systems are data redundancy, lack of data integration, inconsistent data definitions and data dependence.

4-6; The three architectural emergences for an integrated database that are most useful have the capability to handle the following relationships; one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many.
4-7; The steps in designing a relational data model entails identification of the entities, their attributes and their relationship towards each other.
4-8; The definition of a primary key is a field or a group of fields that make a record unique in that table, and foreign key refers to when a primary key appears as an attribute in a different table.
4-9; The most typical method to access a database is through application software where it provides tools for monitoring and maintaining the database management system.
4-10; The role of the database administrator in managing the database is ensured performance tuning and scalability, integrity, security, recovery, and documentation of the database system.
4-11; SQL can be defined as a standard query language which is used to control information in the relational database.
4-12; IVR can be defined as an interactive voice response which takes advantage of the signal transmitted through the media outlets to access the database, retrieve information and enter data.
4-13; A shadow system is a smaller database developed to focus on specific information requirements.
4-14; Master data management is an effort attempt to achieve uniform definitions for entities and their attributes across all business units. Data stewards are assigned as bridge builders to remind everyone about how data should be defined.
4-15; A data warehouse is a central data depository containing information drawn from multiple sources that can be used for analysis, intelligence gathering and strategic planning.
4-16; Some examples of internal sources of data for a data warehouse are from the operational data which consist of the customer records, transactions, inventory assets and liabilities.
4-17; Examples of data warehouse architecture are such as relational database, data cubes, virtual federated warehouse, data warehouse appliance and in-memory database
4-18; Big data refers to a lot of data collections that show high volume, velocity, and variety.
4-19; ‘Data mining can be described as a way of collecting intelligence by using statistical methods to find hidden patterns and relationships that are undetectable in routine reports.’ Wallace, P. (2018).
4-20; The examples of a database without boundaries are such as craigslist.com, Facebook, and Instagram.
4-21; Ownership issues affect information management through leadership, cooperation, negotiation and a well-designed database to balance all the stakeholder’s requirements.
5-1; The four major categories of an information system that support business processes common to organisations are finance and asset management(HCM), supply chain management(SCM), human capital management(HCM) and customer relationship management(CRM).
5-2; The role financial and asset management information system in an organisation is to support accounts balancing, procurement, cash management, budget planning and financial reporting. Financial reporting is important because of regulations that require reports to be more transparent, consistent and computer readable.
5-3; Human capital management are methods put in place to include core human resources functionality along with other modules that support a broader range of employee relates applications. Components of this are the workforce management and the human resources management.
5-4; Supply chain management is defined as the process that optimizes the flow of products and services from their source, through the company and the customer. The most important metric being demand forest accuracy which helps sales teams forecast demand for products from historical sale patterns.
5-5; Customer relationship management entails the strategies, processes and information systems an organisation uses to build and maintain relationships with its current and prospective customers. The objectives of the CRM are improving customer retention, improving profitability, growing revenue and listening to the customers.
5-6; ERP systems are important to organisations because they support back-office business processes for the organisations using the systems. Components include financials, human resources, and institutional advancement among others. ERP systems help the end users experience seamless access to whatever organisational data they need.
6-1 ; The four primary goals an organisation has to choose to develop its web and social media strategy are to inform and entertain the audience, to influence the audience, to sell to the audience and to facilitate offline relationships.
6-2; URL is related to a registered website name because it uniquely identifies the site in the internet helping in mapping its numerical IP address. The components include the top-level domain which reflects the country code.
6-3 ; Website architecture is the form or structure in which to organise information, provide navigation tools and ensure visitors don’t struggle to find what they are looking for and complete transactions. Examples are flat architecture, hierarchical, sequential and multidimensional architecture.
6-4; The difference between usability and accessibility is that usability refers to the ease of which a person can accomplish a goal using any tool for example phone or the internet while accessibility refers to the use of software by people with disabilities.
6-5 ; A list of software development strategies used for websites are hypertext mark-up language(HTML), JavaScript, AJAX, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),Content management system and cascading style sheets(CSS).
6-6; E-commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services on the internet. The security used in e-commerce is critical and uses encrypted transmissions to manage product catalogues and track transactions.
6-7; M-commerce is the use of wireless mobile devices to conduct e-commerce.
6-8; The three primary platforms for digital markets are mobile commerce, near field communication and search engine optimization. SEO is a system that uses strategy to increase the quantity and quality of traffic from search engines.
6-9; Web advertising work to targets individuals by encouraging links from external sites to achieve higher rankings in the search results. They use third-party cookies to track user behaviour across multiple websites.
6-10; Web 2.0 is the second generation of web development that facilitates far more interactivity, end-user contributions, collaborations and information sharing compared to the earlier versions. Crowdsourcing describes how tasks can be delegated to large diffuse entities who often volunteer their contributions.
Reference.
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Wallace, P. (2018). Introduction to Information Systems (3rd ed.). New York, NY: