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What were some of the problems unions faced in their battles with the industrial leaders? What was the biggest obstacle for unions?
In the battle with the industry leaders, unions faced a lot of problems. Some of the issues touched on their job stability that was at risk, their pension protection, and retrogressive legislation that derailed their progress. However, the biggest obstacle that the unions faced was the lack of trust. Unions comprised of different ethnic groups that did not agree with each other.
What were some of the large corporations and trusts that J.P. Morgan and his investors formed? Why was he forming trusts?
J.P.Morgan was a powerful banker during his era. Together with his associates, he was able to establish the American Bridge company, American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric and Federal Steel Company. Through his companies, he was able to stabilize the American financial markets during economic crises. J. P. Morgan formed his trusts to eliminate his competitors (Hannah 213). He used his influence and reputation to encourage the formation of mergers and trusts in sectors where he noticed competition.
What was the difference between horizontal and vertical integration? How did Rockefeller use integration?
In horizontal integration, a company acquired a similar entity that operated in the same sector, whereas vertical integration involved the acquisition of the company that operated either before or after the acquiring entity in the production practice.

Rockefeller used both vertical and horizontal integration to expand operations. Once John Rockefeller bought out his competitors, he grew horizontally through the acquisition of rival refineries and vertically by acquiring upstream and downstream businesses. He further colluded with the railroads to cement his place, and as a result, he was able to shut out competition.
How did the second Industrial Revolution change the U.S. economically and socially? What problems did cities face in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Urban centers such as New York and Boston started to evolve, the revolution stimulated the rise of skilled labor and created a wide range of cheap commodities. The presence of affordable products marked the end of the rural subsistence lifestyle. The revolution also resulted in the arrival of capitalism. Industries during this era showed capitalism through the standard of wage labor. In the cities, the wealthy lived in the suburbs, whereas the poor lived in overcrowded buildings, in small rooms that lacked basic amenities.
Understand how cities grew in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. What were conditions like for the poor and immigrants in large cities like New York?
Cities grew out of necessity. There was pressure on land and architects figured out that the best way to develop the cities was to build tall buildings. Moreover, the living conditions for the immigrants in New York, Boston and other big cities wanted. They lived in small, overcrowded rooms that lacked basic amenities such as water, electricity and proper sewer systems. The relatively huge influx of immigrants meant that the basic amenities were in huge demand and could not satisfy everyone’s needs.
What was scientific management and can it apply to today’s work world?
Scientific management was an idea that spread across America in the 20th Century. It is a theory that required a manager to walk around with a stopwatch and notepads. The manager conducted motion and time studies on the employees in different departments. It resulted in the piece-rate system whereby employees were remunerated based on their output, and not their time. This type of system cannot work in the current generation because in today’s world, trust is the main issue. Employees want their employers to trust them to complete any task that is assigned to them. This increases employee morale and confidence, knowing that they do not have to look over their shoulder every time they are working.
Work Cited
Hannah, Leslie. “Trust, Reputation and Regulation: Securities Markets in Europe, the USA, and Japan before 1914.” A History of Socially Responsible Business, C. 1600–1950. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017. 213-242.