Toronto and Addis Ababa Crime Rates

Name
Professor’s Name
Course Title and Number
DateToronto Crime Rates Research
Summary
Since the early days, crime has been prevalent in the city of Toronto with large criminal organizations operating in the city is responsible for these crimes (Weisburd 215). Some of the earliest homegrown gangs include the Markham Gang that operated since the mid-19th century although its existence was short-lived (Felson 119). This paved the way for other gangs such as the famous “Blank Hand” that operated for most of the 1900s, the Siderno group and the Sicilian Mafia (Andresen et al. 260). It also saw the emergence of Italian-American organized crime groups such as the Buffalo family who acted as the intermediaries for organized crime around Canada and the Americas (Gottheil 55). Criminal activities include drug trade, protectionist rackets, political influence and economic sabotage. Some of the common crime indicators in police records include shootings, homicides, and assault (Gartner 186). The following analysis for the year 2018 to date can help put it into perspective.
Homicides
Occurrences
Jan-5, Feb-3, Mar-6, Apr-13, May-10
Mean= 5+3+6+13+10
= 37 = 18.5
2
771525146050Median = 5, 3, 6, 13, 10 = 6
Mode; there is no mode since all numbers occur once
Shootings
Occurrences
Jan-35, Feb-24, Mar-22, Apr-38, May-54, June-2
Mean = 35+24+22+38+54+2 = 29.17
942975508000Median = 35, 24, 22, 38, 54, 2
= 22+38 =60 = 30
2
Mode = 35, 24, 22, 38, 54, 2
Re-organizing the set
2, 22, 24,35,38,54
The data set has no mode since each number occurs once
Assault (Re: 2017 monthly police data)
Jan-5388, Feb-0, Mar-5568, Apr-0, May- 6428, Jun- 6305, Jul-6436, Aug-6157, sept-6189, Oct-6079, Nov-6174, Dec-5784
Mean = 5388+0+6305+0+6428+5568+6436+6157+6189+6079+6174+5784
= 60508 =5042.

33
19526253810000 12
Median = 5388, 6305, 6428, 5568, 6436, 6157, 6189, 6079, 6174, 5784
=6436 + 6157= 6296.5
2
Mode; No mode since all numbers appeared once.
Conclusion
In the recent past, Toronto has experienced an influx of gangs that have infiltrated the Canadian Borders with the most notorious of them being American biker gangs who are usually criminals for hire. Experts suggest that the Toronto Administration has allowed these Gangs to flourish in the city largely due to lack of workforce in the forces and limited funds to comprehensively deal with criminal gangs. This has led to the City is the Epicenter of organized crime in North America. Some of the common crime indicators in police records include shootings, homicides, and assault. For the way forward, the government, through the local administration of the city, needs to inject more funds in the fight against crime and involve other state agencies such as border patrol in the fight.

Works Cited
Andresen, Martin A., Shannon J. Linning, and Nick Malleson. “Crime at places and spatial concentrations: Exploring the spatial stability of property crime in Vancouver BC, 2003–2013.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 33.2 (2017): 255-275.
Felson, Marcus. “Linking criminal choices, routine activities, informal control, and criminal outcomes.” The Reasoning Criminal. Routledge, 2017. 119-128.
Gartner, Rosemary. “Homicide in Canada.” Violence in Canada. Routledge, 2017. 186-222.
Gottheil, Ellen, and Thomas Gabor. “Offender characteristics and spatial mobility: An empirical study and some policy implications.” Applications of Geographical Offender Profiling. Routledge, 2017. 55-70.
Weisburd, David. “From criminals to criminal contexts: Reorienting crime prevention research and policy.” Crime and Social Organization. Routledge, 2018. 215-234.