urbanisation

Urbanisation
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Question 1
Definition of Urbanisation as it Relates to the Brooklyn Community in New York City
Urbanization refers to a process whereby rural population shift to urban areas or in other words, it is a gradual increase in the number of people staying in urban regions. At past, Brooklyn city was known to be independently incorporated. However, after the continued political campaigns, Brooklyn was finally consolidated with other neighbouring towns to create the current New York City. As a result, the city population increased from 813,000 to 7.9 million (“Lecture Part 1 of 9”, 2018).
Challenges that Community Leaders Face as a Result of Population Changes
For instance, as the population increases, community leaders find it more challenging to manage scarce resources to meet the increasing needs of the citizens. It is evident that changes in the population such as an increase in the number of people results to massive environmental degradations. Therefore, leaders encounter enormous challenges to address issues concerning ecological degradation. On the other hand, as the population increases, there are higher chances for insecurity in the community. As a result, the community leaders experience difficulties to manage and provide enough security to all residents. Other challenges that community leaders encounter as a result of population change includes opposition and crisis which are tied to politics and public relations.
Question 2
Bloomberg Phenomenon model
Bloomberg Phenomenon model refers to a model which accounts for a rapid increase of population in the urban centres.

It helps the growing city to remain as a suburban character as it attains a community that is more typical of the main metropolitan cities.
The city that fits in the Bloomberg Phenomenon model
An example of a city that fits the Bloomberg Phenomenon model is the New York City. New York exhibits a vast population which requires better strategy to aid the control of the rapidly growing population. In New York, Bloomberg Phenomenon model serves as a new model for governance. The analysis of the model helps the city to understand its entrepreneurial and neoliberal for the public control as shown in a Bloomberg model way.
Challenges that city planners face due to rapid growth
City planners experience challenges on the viability of transport networks within the city. Increasing population in the urban areas results to congestions and traffic jams. Therefore, planners encounter significant problems when it comes to creating suitable transport networks that enter and leave the city. They also face challenges such as political critics and opposition in their duties. For example, as much as they try to implement proper strategies to save the town, some politicians emerge to oppose their ideas and projects. More so, planners experience a lot of challenges when it comes to changing the attitudes of the urban residents. Some residents are harsh and unapproachable. Therefore, as the planner press to convert their minds, the resident poses enormous threats to their lives (Ouf, 2007).
Planners encounter challenges concerning the unique environmental site of the city. In some cases, the town might be close to mountains, hills, and rivers. Therefore, it is quite difficult for the planners to expand the city whenever the need arises. Planners also face challenges especially when there is individual control of land around the towns. In some situation, the area neighbouring the city would be owned by individuals or the government. Therefore, the planners are restricted towards expanding the city in such encounters. As a result, the feel demoralised and not motivated to their work (Ouf, 2007).

References
Salah Ouf, A. M. (2007). Non-comprehensive Planning Approaches for Rapidly Urbanizing Communities. Planning Theory & Practice, 8(1), 51-67.
Lecture Part 1 of 9. (2018). YouTube. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwd4Lq0Xvgceek