Venezuelan Illegal Immigration In Peru

Venezuelan illegal immigration in Peru

Introduction

Venezuela is dealing with internal conflicts due to a dictatorial regime, which has caused the immigration of its population;The following essay will be addressed as this Venezuelan immigration affects Peru specifically in the social and economic aspect, since within these it is considered a change in the perception that Peruvians have towards Venezuelans. 

Within the social structure it will be addressed if xenophobia and endophobia influence it since it is believed that the main problem is "fear of the unknown". In the economic issue there are two outstanding points which are the increase in GDP and increase in informality, taking both issues rooted in labor aspect.

Developing

Venezuela faces a successive dictatorship, there is a strong economic crisis, as well as a humanitarian crisis which cause the population to ask the end of the Chavista regime with the purpose of rebuilding their country, forcing its population to emigrate, Venezuela became aemigrant country instead of immigrants in a very short time. 

Currently Venezuela is a country that is in decline forcing its population to seek a better quality of life, the residents seek asylum in neighboring countries making migration outsourly. There were three important moments in Venezuelan immigration each with different types of migrants, in which the social construct is modified through each moment of immigration.

Three key moments were observed, at first the withdrawal of companies is observed as well as that of upper class people and students, having as main destination Europe and the US, in a second moment people of different social classes emigrated being key destinations countries countriesneighbors like Colombia (currently the country with the highest number of Venezuelan immigrants).

 Between 2012 and 2014 asylum requests by Venezuelan citizens worldwide barely went from 505 to 4.820, which remained a moderate figure;In the third moment the so -called "despair migration" is seen with a group of people from different social strata who seek to escape the despair of their country, with a greater flow of immigrants in Latin America.

Venezuelans emigrate to the closest countries, therefore, Latin American countries are the most affected due to the delimited policies that countries adopt. The different problems that Venezuelans pass in the different countries to which they emigrate are due to the inadequate and in some cases non -existent policies for the adequate coexistence and inclusion of the Venezuelan population.

More than 4 million Venezuelans are living abroad this due to the economic crisis that their country is going through. The largest number of migrants is in Latin America. Plus 800.000 Venezuelan people live in Peru, 280.000 of which have requested the refugee status. This implies that Peru is the main host country of Venezuelan people in need of international protection and the second destination of Venezuelan refugees and migrants worldwide.

Then Peru becomes the second country with the highest number of Venezuelan migrants and the first country with the most asylum applications. In Lima, 84% of the Venezuelan population that emigrated to Peru is concentrated. 44.9% declare that performing activities such as Independiente. Through these surveys, data on the flow of activities of Venezuelans who think about staying in Peru, taking into account this study as long -term figures, was collected. 

Taking into account the previously presented data we can say that in 2018 there is a major Venezuelan migration than in other years. An increase in the first quarter of 2018 is observed, in the second quarter the slope is more pronounced for the Lima region (including Callao) and in the quarter of July to September it already exceeds the entire historical tendency.

Then we can say that the increase in Venezuelan migration was seen in 2018 in its greatest boom. In 2018, Miguel Rodríguez Mackay pointed out that "PPK promoted irresponsibly emigration". This is because PPK during his government gave the temporary permanence permit for those who had not even reached the country, when Mackay, the right thing would have been to grant the PTP to those who were already in national territory.

According to the data presented, there is an increase in the first quarter of 2018 of 4.8 which went up to 61.1 In the third quarter of 2018 of Venezuelan citizens who entered Peru. Of every 100 Venezuelans 56 are starting their procedure and 44 already have their PTP card delivered.  As the figure of Venezuelan emigrants in Peru increases, it also increases the needs of migrant Venezuelan people, which increases the economic expenditure of the country that houses them.

 Peru is a developing country and this migratory wave has brought with it the increase in informality, but also the increase of GDP. According to the INEI, the unemployment index has increased at its highest rate of the last six years concluding that with the arrival of a large number of Venezuelan citizens Peru also increases its unemployment index. 

Migrations are usually good in the long term, but at first they cause despair in the population, mainly because with a migration like this, most Venezuelans arrive in Peru wanting to earn a better life and in search of employment. In Peru, cheap labor beats formality;generating a concern in Peruvians for being displaced by a Venezuelan, prejudice in social problems is also observed, although the Peru health system is very precarious. The arrival of this amount of migrants is worrying for Peruvians since access toHealth is a right of any human person.

As well as in the educational field which has a low budget compared to other sectors is also affected. Due to all the following problems they have previously reached the question: how the affectation in the economic aspect modifies the social construct * of Peruvians towards Venezuelans? 

It is important to be able to answer this question since the way in which Venezuelans are seen has changed over time, at the beginning as the social construct was not so affected was to provide help, by Peru becoming a country of emigrantsmainly Venezuelans the social construct was changing mostly to be negative.

The issue becomes relevant since migration can be positive if correct policies are implemented since in Peru there is a deficit of workers in various areas as well as health, education, among others. Carlos Fernández Gates of Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) mentioned in an interview that Peru serves to have foreign workers since knowledge is not the same as those in our country, so that this benefits the country’s important economic development or growth .

Then we can say that migration brought with them people with a high level to occupy these positions, but not being able to access the work roles opt for informality;This is something that we will observe in the long term, being able to reduce that period with the help of the Peruvian population with which we will observe that the social aspect influences the formation of such policies.

The recent arrival of Venezuelan citizens has turned on public debate regarding the potential impacts of this immigration in the Peruvian economy. The fears by a large number of Peruvians, due to the possible loss of their jobs, is originating that many immigrants are exposed to rejection behaviors. On the other hand, for Luis Salazar Steiger, the problem of employment decline in the country does not obey Venezuelan immigrants, but to the lack of adequate public management.

“The massive Venezuelan immigration occurred around 2017, just when in Peru the employment begins to fall;However, the problem is not from Venezuelans, but of management of the country, ”he clarified after regretting that only three out of ten workers has an adequately paid formal employment. 

So when talking about the social construct of Peruvians towards Venezuelans, it should be taken into account that we could not talk about xenophobia or endophobia. Due to the absence of investigations, surveys, etc., it is still premature.

 On the other hand, the existence of some cases of rejection of Venezuelans in part by the influence of the media and certain sectors of society can be indicated. Sometimes it is a deaf or latent rejection that is difficult to capture. Normally, it comes out in the interviews that have given situations of rejection in the workplace (Peru), in access to public health (Argentina) or on public roads (Colombia) and, without a doubt, as it has been reflected in theborder areas. 

In Peru there is a problem of discrimination against Venezuelan immigrants, however, this does not become xenophobia. According to Agusti, United Nations Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Lima, he said in an interview with Sputnik that: ‘I would differentiate what is discrimination from xenophobia, I think (what happens in Peru) is not xenophobia (…) Xenophobia is a broader stage that implies not wanting to have any contact with foreigners and it seems to me that we are not in that stage ‘.

On the contrary, the media do not spread complete information and many Peruvian newspapers resort to yellowing, forming an erroneous concept of situations. Xenophobia towards Venezuelans by Peruvians could be due to the facilities that the State has given to migrants, something considering unfair for Peruvians since the country has several problems without roads. (Velarde, 2019, P.9)

In the labor aspect, Venezuelans by offering cheap labor displace Venezuelan workers, which contradicts their subsequent investigation, concluding that xenophobia towards Venezuelans makes them not hired by which they resort to work as independentAnd in the case of women, they are difficult to get a job. 

conclusion

In conclusion, Peru had a high informality rate before this Migration wave of Venezuelans, after it this rate increased and caused a concern about most of the population with a fear of being displaced from its positions, at the beginning in the beginning in theVenezuelan immigration The Peruvians had a greater degree of empathy, but currently being affected in the economic aspect involving the Department of Health, Educational, Labor, explained above.

 We conclude that when altering, even minimal, the Peruvian economy, impacting with the population, it will have a culprit, being Venezuelan migration its first target. Peru Being a developing country already has been carrying several economic, social and political problems, therefore, if it is true that Venezuelan migration aggravated these problems,

Bibliography

1. Bermudez, a. (2019). How the Venezuelan migration crisis impacts on the economy of other Latin American countries. 

two. Acosta, d., Blouin, c. And Freier, L. F. (2019): “Venezuelan emigration: Latin American responses”, Working document, No. 3 (2nd era), Madrid, Carolina Foundation.

3. UNMSM.2019. They analyze in a MSM impact of Venezuelan immigration in Peru. 

4. Garcia, d.2019. "Analysis of the regulatory hierarchy of DL No. 689 and the Labor Regime for Venezuelans, regulated in article 12 of DS No. 001-2018-IN".

5. Velarde, m. 2019. Media representation of the xenophobia-endophobia dichotomy of Venezuelan migration in Peru from 2017 to 2018 .

6. INEI. 2018. Sociodemographic characteristics of the Venezuelan population censored in 2017.