Yellow Fever

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Annotated Bibliography: Yellow Fever
Agha, Sheila B., et al. “Assessment of Risk of Dengue and Yellow Fever Virus Transmission in Three Major Kenyan Cities Based on Stegomyia Indices.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 11, no. 8, Aug. 2017, pp. 1–20.
The article explores the re-emergence of Yellow fever and Dengue fever in East Africa. These are diseases that are carried and transmitted via mosquito. The re-emergence of these diseases has caused the risk of deaths, especially in urban areas. The source explores the ineffective urban planning as the primary source of re-emergence, and the author tries to offer more insight of the causative factors that lead to the development of conditions that favor the growth and survival of mosquitos carrying these diseases. The information from the article is dedicated to policymakers in Kenya and the rest of the world to take into consideration the risks associated with the re-emergence of the disease.
Anderson, Tatum. “Stepping up Local Efforts to Stop Global Spread of Yellow Fever.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 96, no. 6, June 2018, pp. 374–375. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2471/BLT.18.020618.
The article researches the re-emergence of yellow fever in the world as well as its spread in different parts of the world. Outbreaks are developing in regions such as Brazil and Asia and are representative of urban transmission and transfer. The author wishes to show the implications of globalization to initiate a global response to the disease.

The spread of yellow fever has been faster than ever recorded and is slowly being found in parts of the world never recorded before. The article is dedicated to nations of the world because it is aimed at informing them of the spreading of Yellow fever.
Brent, Shannon E., et al. “International Travel between Global Urban Centres Vulnerable to Yellow Fever Transmission.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 96, no. 5, May 2018, p. 343–354B. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2471/BLT.17.205658.
The article investigates the effects of urbanization and globalization as factors that have led to widespread transmission of yellow fever. International travel for business and tourism has grown immensely in the last few decades. Cities around the world have also been more interconnected than ever before. The author wishes to highlight how international travel and urban development have facilitated the transmission of yellow fever around cities in the world. The article is dedicated to travelers, travel agencies as well as governments of different nations of the world. It is aimed at informing them of how international travel is causing the spread of the disease to different parts of the world.
Chen, Chen, et al. “Phylogenomic Analysis Unravels Evolution of Yellow Fever Virus within Hosts.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 9, Sept. 2018, pp. 1–15. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006738.
The article highlights a phylogenic analysis done on yellow fever strains from cases found in different parts of the world. The analysis shows an evolution process for the disease based on changes in amino acid structure in the disease. New strains from Brazil and China were compared to those found in Angola during the 1971 outbreak. The author wishes to outline the risk factors associated with an evolution of the strain. The article aims at informing health professionals of the changes that have occurred to the new strains of yellow fever that enables it to infect immunized people. It shows a growing risk of infection and a need to develop stronger vaccines and other measures of control.
Hamlet, Arran, et al. “The Seasonal Influence of Climate and Environment on Yellow Fever Transmission across Africa.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 1–17. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006284.
The article surveys the influences of changes in the environment as well as climatic conditions as factors that have caused the re-emergence of yellow fever in Africa. These are factors that influence the increase in the number of mosquitos which are the vectors for transmission of the disease. The author shows how changes in climate such as increased temperatures and rainfall in particular regions could increase the thriving of the mosquito vectors. The article is dedicated to government agencies, health professionals, and the general public.
Hamrick, Patricia Najera, et al. “Geographic Patterns and Environmental Factors Associated with Human Yellow Fever Presence in the Americas.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept. 2017, pp. 1–27. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.
The article focuses on the development of cases of yellow fever in the Americas. In these regions the disease had not been heard for decades. However, cases of the disease still occur. A major factor for development outbreaks is the fact that some countries are still considered endemic to the disease based on their geographical and environmental characteristics. The authors want to highlight the aspect of the proximity of urban developments to the wild as factors that put such areas at risk of yellow fever. The article is aimed at the governments of countries in America and the citizens of these nations and informs them of the nature of their geography and environment, especially regarding living close to the wilderness.
Legesse, Mengistu, et al. “Community Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Yellow Fever in South Omo Area, Southern Ethiopia.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 4, Apr. 2018, pp. 1–13. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006409.
The article explores community knowledge, understanding and attitudes towards yellow fever in Southern Ethiopia. This is an area that has been affected by outbreaks before. However, with adequate awareness from knowledge and understanding, these people can easily establish measures to prevent outbreaks and protect themselves from the risks involved. The authors, therefore, wished to highlight some of the crucial benefits of community knowledge about the disease to enable the development of practices of prevention and control of the disease. This information aimed at the government of Ethiopia and its citizens highlighting the benefits of the development of community knowledge about yellow fever and its effects. It aims at helping them break the cycle of infection that occurs from time to time by learning about the disease, its transmission, and its management.
Rezende, Izabela Maurício de, et al. “Persistence of Yellow Fever Virus Outside the Amazon Basin, Causing Epidemics in Southeast Brazil, from 2016 to 2018.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 6, June 2018, pp. 1–12. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006538.
The article explores how yellow fever is endemic and also prevalent in the Amazon Basin in Brazil. The disease has become highly persistent and spreading to non-endemic regions in the country.it affects many people and the risk of spreading to other parts of the world is very high. The authors try to establish the reason for such a high persistence of the disease and how such information should be incorporated into decisions made for public health policies. The information is aimed at health agencies and also the general public. And it aims at informing them of the increased persistence of the disease and thus a higher risk of infection. It is also a call for researchers to help in the development of a better understanding of the reason for such high persistence and also the measure to counter such issues.
Rui Song, et al. “Late or Lack of Vaccination Linked to Importation of Yellow Fever from Angola to China.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 24, no. 7, July 2018, pp. 1383–1386. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3201/eid2407.171868.
The article focuses on the implication of late vaccination as well as the lack of immunization on the spread of yellow fever to China. Phylogenic investigations show that yellow fever strains have changed and become stronger. They can now nest within host because the changes in the strain have made them highly diverse and with significant health implications. The article is aimed at governments and health agencies and informs them of the risk associated with late immunization and the high chances of spreading of the diseases to other parts of the world. It calls for better management of the disease, especially in international travel.
Zhao, Shi, et al. “Modelling the Large-Scale Yellow Fever Outbreak in Luanda, Angola, and the Impact of Vaccination.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 1–24. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006158.
The article explores the re-emergence of yellow fever in Brazil and parts of Africa such as Angola. They are based on outbreaks bigger than any seen in the last thirty years. The resurgence has created great fear of the spread and transmission of the disease into different parts of the world. The authors focus on the need to use mathematical models for the analysis of transmission patterns of the mosquito infected vectors. This represents a method of gaining a better understanding of the re-emergence to control the disease. The article is aimed at policymakers, and researchers and informs them of the importance of using mathematical models to develop better understating of patterns of the mosquito vectors. The information is aimed at developing better management approaches.

Works Cited
Agha, Sheila B., et al. “Assessment of Risk of Dengue and Yellow Fever Virus Transmission in Three Major Kenyan Cities Based on Stegomyia Indices.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 11, no. 8, Aug. 2017, pp. 1–20.
Anderson, Tatum. “Stepping up Local Efforts to Stop Global Spread of Yellow Fever.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 96, no. 6, June 2018, pp. 374–375. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2471/BLT.18.020618.
Brent, Shannon E., et al. “International Travel between Global Urban Centres Vulnerable to Yellow Fever Transmission.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 96, no. 5, May 2018, p. 343–354B. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2471/BLT.17.205658.
Chen, Chen, et al. “Phylogenomic Analysis Unravels Evolution of Yellow Fever Virus within Hosts.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 9, Sept. 2018, pp. 1–15. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006738.
Hamlet, Arran, et al. “The Seasonal Influence of Climate and Environment on Yellow Fever Transmission across Africa.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 1–17. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006284.
Hamrick, Patricia Najera, et al. “Geographic Patterns and Environmental Factors Associated with Human Yellow Fever Presence in the Americas.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept. 2017, pp. 1–27. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.
Legesse, Mengistu, et al. “Community Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Yellow Fever in South Omo Area, Southern Ethiopia.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 4, Apr. 2018, pp. 1–13. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006409.
Rezende, Izabela Maurício de, et al. “Persistence of Yellow Fever Virus Outside the Amazon Basin, Causing Epidemics in Southeast Brazil, from 2016 to 2018.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 6, June 2018, pp. 1–12. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006538.
Rui Song, et al. “Late or Lack of Vaccination Linked to Importation of Yellow Fever from Angola to China.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 24, no. 7, July 2018, pp. 1383–1386. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3201/eid2407.171868.
Zhao, Shi, et al. “Modelling the Large-Scale Yellow Fever Outbreak in Luanda, Angola, and the Impact of Vaccination.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 1–24. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006158.