Background Of Socialism In Latin America

Background of Socialism in Latin America

Socialism is a system of a society in which it lives with the thought that there is no private property, which goes in search of equity, social justice and well -being for all citizens. That is why, starting from this ancient principle, it is based on the creation of the socialism of the 21st century in which the military and political leader Hugo Chávez leaves a mark on the history of Venezuela and Latin America changing his political ideology from revolutionary to socialist when arrivingto the power with which he established his political and government administration and in this way the citizens of that country welcomed this structure and apply the guidelines of leftist tendency.

The project promoted by Hugo Chávez as a military by taking power through a coup d’etat supported by colleagues and civil society, allowed his revolutionary spirit to be captured by thousands of citizens of that country, who seeing in this leader his claiming ideas would lead to changesdifferent economic and social policy of Venezuelans.

The change of principles of Hugo Chávez arises as a result of the appearance of the so -called socialism of the 21st century that was established throughout Latin America and that he was the main protagonist by hosting these principles on which he was based:

• Establishment of a new economy based on new economic policies related to countries that had these principles such as: China Russia, Cuba.

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• Institution of an associative culture, this model was based on production units that must be owned by the State that allow goods to be distributed for the entire citizen sector.
• Regional Democratic Development seeks that, through new socialist policies, liberalist be inserted towards a democratic model throughout Latin America.
• The equivalence economy refers to the fact that the values be equal, that is, a new economy in which the exchange is made about equal effort.
• Participatory and leading democracy, sought the popular and equitable participation of power since, through it, it facilitated democratic decisions adopted with citizenship intervention.
• Base organizations based on this principle that citizens should organize in the popular sectors: workers, peasants, artisans, housewives and others to be benefited from the State and the popular political power.

With this support that allowed this change in Venezuela’s policy and in its revolutionary commander to socialist, before the turn that this country took in its citizen coexistence process, which as a result we are witnessing what is happening, through thisI reflected to make my decision to ask the following question. “What factors influenced Commander Hugo Chávez to change his political ideology from revolutionary to socialist in the 1999-2009 period?"

After establishing the regulations of the research I referred to some primary and secondary sources using all the necessary means of information such as interviews, journalistic information, ideological relationships and differences by applying the deductive method.

Background:

Before the arrival of Commander Hugo Chávez the Government of Venezuela was led by Rafael Caldera that was characterized by focusing on the diversification of the economy, decentralization of the State which shows clear trends of the right that predominated in Latin American countries driven from theUnited States Government Policies.

When Hugo Chávez Frías enters power, Venezuela stops applyChávez government was represented by the military, consequently, of the so -called Chavista socialism.

Hugo Chávez was a politician and military, president of Venezuela elected from February 2, 1999 until his death of 2013. In 1982 he created the 200 Bolivarian Movement 200 (MBR-200) whose party was civic and military of the extreme left. It is important to note that this movement was influenced by the Venezuelan left and the following parties: Communist Party of Venezuela, Party of the Venezuelan Revolution Mir de Venezuela, Red Flag Party among others to which other groups were also unified within the Armed Forces such as theRevolutionary Alliance of active military, concerning Bolivarian military aviation.

Bolivarianism has also extended in popular organizations, some autonomous state and others existing before the rise of Chávez, but most were stimulated by the president for their maintenance and dissemination throughout the Venezuelan territory.

The Bolivarian revolution had three strategic objectives from which they derive:

• The consolidation of participatory and leading democracy.
• The defeat of imperialism and all forms of foreign domination.
• The construction of Bolivarian socialism.

In his time he was the leader of the fifth republic movement that is the beginning of a new constitution accepted by the Venezuelan people in 1999, and that after it gave him the power to link with other movements and other political parties to create the so -called United Socialist Partyfrom Venezuela (PSUV) who led until the day of his death. It is the greatest and important political party of Venezuela with a strategic function based on the following points:

1. Guaranteed national sovereignty and their power of comprehensive defense.
2. Development of the productive forces of the Nation and take advantage of all the resources available for the integral development of the people in harmony and in harmony.
3. Basic and priority needs repaired sustainably. mainly and in order of importance such as health, food, education, culture and security.
4. Capitalist social links changed in socialists.
5. Set a culture based on the principles of equality, equity and social justice.
6. Cooperated in the creation of a multipolar world, full of peace, respect, mutual support and improvement among peoples.

Socialism in Venezuela led by Chávez begins with the failed attempt of the coup against the state against that time President Carlos Andrés Pérez, but that story would spread throughout Venezuela headed by the already extinct Hugo Chávez, it is worth mentioning that the path of HugoHe was full of adversities gathering his socialist ideals with his freedom before arrival to power.

This ideology maintains a term of strong political impact, which remains linked to the establishment of a socioeconomic order built by, for or depending on a working class originally organized without its own economic decree. The radicality of socialist thought does not refer so much to the norms to achieve it but rather to the principles that are pursued.

After the failure of the coup as it has been mentioned, this happened on February 4, 1999, where the Bolivarian began with a drastic change of strategy for the achievement of their objectives. The alteration of tactics focused on what was called Bolivarian Revolution, characterized by being peaceful and tolerant. The revolution was a sharp resignation to take power through weapons, as well as an agreement not to use violence once it was in a position to govern.

This process designed a constitution of Bolivarian stability in which its deeply democratic character is ratified, civil rights and freedom of citizens are enforced in which it is proclaimed to fight for equality and social justice.

A bad opposition action was the attempt of the coup d’etat, which was not achieved because Chávez and his followers resumed power. But the opposition maneuvers on the right have been maintained. It is not possible to talk about the Bolivarian process without considering its opposition;However, to the extent that it has been imposing obstacles to the direction of the revolution, the transformation measures are increased with its radical character.

Political life

In 1999 he began his political life, when he directed a coup after the failure of this initiative, he was imprisoned, later President Rafael Caldera releases him after an agreement with the leftist groups.

When Chávez assumed the presidency, the country’s recast began with the implementation of the National Constituent Assembly to change the Magna Carta that would end up setting the foundations of its re -election in 2000 and the creation of its Bolivarian Republic.

Military life

Commander Hugo Chávez was part of the Venezuelan Military Academy, where he graduated with the degree of Lieutenant on July 5, 1975, specialized in Military Sciences and Arts, Rama Engineering, land mention. He had his rise to Lieutenant Colonel and his passion increased by the "revolutionary ideals".

Politic ideology

DEFINITION – A political ideology is a set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines or symbols of a movement and social class that clarifies how society should work and offers a political and cultural plan for a certain social order.

Types of political ideologies. These are derived in the following political ideologies:

1. Revolutionary political ideology. The Bolivarian process is based on the independence, anti -imperialist and Latin American ideology of the Prócer Simón Bolívar. Bolivarianism has been widening with popular organizations, some autonomous of the State and existing before the rise of Chávez, but the majority driven by the president for his defense.
2. Socialist political ideology. The socialism of the 21st century is interpreted, as the most appropriate and effective path to transform the reality of underdevelopment and dependence in which Latin America lives and agree that authentic democracy is necessary in the region and in each of its countries. The goal pursued by socialism is full human development in all dimensions. The first thing to affirm in this aspect is the unquestionable superiority of ethics of socialism, with respect to capitalism. According to (Elorza, 2016) he quotes Karl Marx referring to socialism, he said that "revolutionary thought should be based on rigor in the economy".

Implying through this statement, that, the main reason for a good revolution and governance was the economic structure for the progress of the country, so that from there Karl Marx’s thinking was based on socialism about socialism.

PSUV

Venezuela endured for a long time, a vast withdrawal of the leftist forces, specifically the Marxists such as the Venezuelan Communist Party, this subordinated that the process was given on the basis of an aspiration of political, legal, economic and social conversion that toIn turn it was held with Bolivarianism.

So that President Chávez in 2006 summoned the militancy of the different parties to support the process for the elections that would take place in December, where they should join to form a single team and coalition that allows political unity of political unity ofAction to promote the Socialist Plan.

The process of creation of the party had one of its most important moments in popular inscriptions to aspire to its entry, with a total of 5.669.305 [Footnoteref: 1] applicants which consolidated popular identification with socialist ideology, even if not all of them were part of this. After that, the battalions propellars were chosen, as well as the 22 squads. This procedure brought with it the non -choice of those paintings that had demonstrated their inconsistency with the process, as well as the emergence of others that stood out at the popular level, a matter of vital importance in the process of formulating the declaration of principles. [1: Rodríguez, S., Pérez, J.A., Rodríguez, o. L. Hugo Chávez and the socialism of the 21st century in Venezuela. Marxist debate and critics magazine tool. Recovered from: https: // www.tool.com.AR/ARTICLE.PHP?id = 1065]

The radicality of socialist thought does not refer so much to the methods to achieve them but rather to the ideological and pragmatic principles of the 21st century of Latin America that are pursued. The first extraordinary congress of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), had before him the task of defining his political program, which was postponed by the elections of governments and mayor to offer the mass, peasant and exploited the necessary guide for the action for the actionRevolutionary, through actions to overcome the bourgeois state political apparatus that stopped the revolution after not being able to approve the constituent reform that attacked the basic elements and republic that follow with a working life, culminates this important phase with the approval ofThe documents that give formal birth to the Socialist Party with the Declaration of Principles, the Statutes and the Programmatic Bases of the party being these:

The threat

For the revolution of Hugo Chávez the United States, it became a permanent danger because through its capitalist system it tried to counteract all citizen survey related to the socialism that promoted Latin American countries, who tired of the imperialist policies of the northern country that throughof economic measures of the International Monetary Fund had caused a series of difficulties in these countries. This led to the military uprising with the people driven by the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, it took great care of countries that, like the United States, would try by all means to prevent these socialist ideas that were expanding through all Latin American countries and that to theonce constituted a terrible threat to the world analyzed from the point of view by the Americans and their allies.

Defeat poverty

The governments of the Venezuelan right that had led to this country to apply a neoliberal policy was causing a series of economic difficulties among citizens as we polarized wealth in a few who, taking advantage of the political power and commitments with capitalist governmentsWorld Cups were creating financial and economic laws that caused the growth of poverty between the people and citizens of Venezuela, who, looking for new alternatives to get out of the economic crisis they had led to the country found in the figure of Hugo Chávez the solution to the solution to the solution to the solution to thepoverty, which backed by a sector of the armed forces and by the most dispossessed people of Venezuela will come to power.

Exercise power

In order to govern with popular support, it was necessaryVenezuelans to have the clear idea that the government of Hugo Chávez exercised power and had a lot of acceptance among the people. With ethas Revolutionary idea began the government mandate surrounded by a series of collaborators among those who were former military and citizens of civil society who exercised the mandate seeking the approach with all citizens for which he created a series of laws and social benefitsand economic that allowed acceptance among all citizens. It was also promoting policies against private companies and economic power groups that were monopolized by large companies and industries many of them were nationalized and state -of -the -law by the Chávez government, so many entrepreneurs had to close companies and leave thecountry.

Internationalism

The Bolivarian Revolution promoted by Hugo Chávez that led him to the power of Venezuela was having its ideological changes supported from Russia, Cuba, Nicaragua, who came with a socialist aspect policy and that they sought in Latin American countries to expand their ideology, President Chávez welcomesThese ideas and create the United Socialist Party of Venezuela with which it begins its policy and expansionist ideas by the countries of South America to the point that in the decade of 2000 countries such as: Bolivia with Evo Morales;Ecuador with Rafael Correa;Chile with Michelle Bachelet;Uruguay with José Mujica;Brazil with Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff;Argentina with Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, had hosted the policies of 21st century socialism as Hugo Chávez called it. At that time, internationalist politics had expanded through Latin America that with the power and mandate they had, they were creating a series of organizations to promote this policy such as Unasur, Alba, Telesur, Petrosur, Petro-Caribe the same ones that sought to counteract thepoverty and foster mutual help between these governments.

The defense of the revolution compromises the shelter of national sovereignty, a task of fundamental responsibility that falls to the party and the people coupling all the tests of struggles to battle against imperialism and its allies can advance in annexationist, divisionist dynamics, of submission anddestruction of the World.

The Party perceives the unit as a product of adhesion around the commonly accepted values and principles, embodied in the program, its status, its ideological foundations and its political actions, destined to eradicate the fractionation of particular interests and anarchy and replace them with thecollective interest and social welfare. Within the limits established by our revolutionary principles: an indispensable party in the fight against injustices and inequalities between social classes. A respectful party of ideological, ethnic and cultural diversity. A party that risks democratically and permanently discuss the ideas to make the revolution and build socialist society. A party that watches for the maintenance of ethical and moral values of militants.

The Bolivarian socialism for which it has fought the party was original, its own and creative and with a deep collectivist sense of the exercise of power, which sought to build a superstructure that supports the socialist economic model, at the same time directing congruent policies with thesense of identity of the people and history for the perseveration of nature.

Construction of socialism

Since society was divided into classes, there was resistance and combat against oppression and exploitation. But from the capitalist triumph against feudalism and the predominance of the capitalist mode of production worldThe deepest science and feelings of human beings.

This historic event occurs in the framework of the development of a revolutionary process that has as its protagonist the Chávez commander that aims to give continuity to the emancipatory management initiated 200 years ago by our Liberators. Today as yesterday every socialist militant, every Venezuelan who loves this country has the obligation to fight for freedom, sovereignty, independence and social justice for the well -being of the people.

The Foundational Congress is evolved since the end of 2008 with the aim of meeting the principles of the party, to formulate the program and define certain status. In it, issues such as the construction of socialism and popular power, the defense of revolution, nature and sovereignty, internationalism and socialization of power were discussed. In the process of proclamation of the principles, the strong popular pressure for the radicalization of said document was demonstrated, which contemplates that the party is the successor of Marx and Lenin’s thought, in which the stage of ideological indefinition of the process is left to the side of the processBolivarian and precise the certain ideology of 21st century socialism, which in turn has been so debated by several reformist tendencies that try to unleash Marxist thinking. [2: Karl Heinrich Marx, socialist thinker and revolutionary activist of German origin.

It is noteworthy that the Venezuelan process is of an unprecedented revolutionary nature, in the construction of a socialism of solid popular roots, which is based on a deep democratic character in which the popular consultation becomes a norm for the whole life of the country;Therefore, the exercise of power is collegiate at the level of the government and the Constituent Assembly. Such nature is evident in the recent electoral process in which the opposition that, despite its maneuvers, could not deny its defeat before the avalanche of popular support to Chávez that is results of the conquests of the conquests that are the results of the conquests that are the results of the conquests that are the results of the conquests that are the results of the conquests of the conquestsmaterials and spiritual that the Venezuelan feels in his own life with the revolution.

The then president of Venezuela (Chávez, 2006) in one of his speeches said before the crowd: “Homeland, socialism or death! Homeland, socialism or death! Homeland, socialism or death! Overcome! Overcome!".

In view of these famous words of the former – Commander interpreted that, the political ideology that he was going to take for the Venezuelan people was the famous socialism, which involved the population to be governed under the laws or orders of the established doctrine, thus believingthat great results could be obtained and combat any political, social, economic, cultural and religious work. Turning citizens with a totally closed mentality that does not allow to accept other type of trend that is not from the left.

The socialism that is built in Venezuela has departed from the old and expired centralist styles of order and command that were lived in the other socialist field. This process has highlighted the authentically Latin American character, which is based on the traditions of its people and in respect for the diversity of all kinds. Fight for the people and for the people. Its way of managing the economy, taking into account the proper correlation between the private and the state according to the objective conditions of the country, today constitutes a teaching for current socialist processes without giving up the principles, or the popular essence of therevolution.

conclusion

To conclude the following monograph, it should be noted that the main reason why the former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez changed his political ideology from revolutionary to socialist, it is considered that from their speeches Venezuelan citizens spread that socialism was the only way to change theEconomic and social life of the people, for this, advocated the socialism of the 21st century that linked to all government policy in favor of this ideological principle that was empowering all the most unprotected citizenship.

It should be noted that in this whole research process, I found it very interesting to know as a military and revolutionary leader through his message, he knew how to reach the people who convinced of this scoop fulfilled its proposals, which made the village support eachOnce he presented change and reform projects to direct the Republic, trusting the policies that Hugo Chávez manifested, making him a man with a high leadership index that led him to have a lot of acceptance with his people and that did not affect when he takesthe decision to accept the socialism of the 21st century in your country and drive it under these ideological and pragmatic principles.

With the ideological change that occurs in the policy of Hugo Chávez, it should be noted that socialism in Venezuela was gaining a lot of sympathy between the population to the point that the United Socialist Party of Venezuela structures with men and women of extreme confidence of President Chávez,From where the social and economic policies to be followed by the leader were directed, it shouldEntrepreneurs, bankers and capitalists of the extreme right.

Bibliography

1. Chávez, h. (15 of 12 of 2006). Caracas Venezuela.
2. Elorza, a. (May 5, 2016). Karl Marx, Socialism for science . THE WORLD, PAGE. 1.
3. Soto Rodríguez, J. A. (s.F.). Tool. Obtained from Hugo Chávez and 21st Century Socialism in Venezuela: https: // www.tool.com.AR/ARTICLE.PHP?id = 1065
4. Karl Heinrich Marx, socialist thinker and revolutionary activist of German origin. Recovered from: https // www.Biography andVidas.com/biography/m/Marx- Karl.htm
5. Friedrich Engels, leader and teacher of the proletariat, founded the Marxist theory, theory of scientific communism. Recovered from: https: // www.Ecured.CU/Federico-Engels
6. Levidovich Bronstein better known as Lyev Trotsky. Russian intellectual, political and theoretical. Recovered from: https; // www.Ecured.Cu/León-Totsky
7. Vladimir Ilich Uliánov, was a Russian revolutionary, Bolshevik leader. He was an actor of a theoretical set based on Marxism and Leninism. Recovered from: https: // www.Ecured.Cu/Lenin
8. Rodríguez, s., Pérez, J.A., Rodríguez, o. L. Hugo Chávez and the socialism of the 21st century in Venezuela. Marxist debate and critics magazine tool. Recovered from: https: // www.tool.com.AR/ARTICLE.PHP?id = 1065