Black Studies

First Article
In the article, The Evolution and Transformation of a white racist, author D. Andera brings to the fore three themes that are pertinent to understanding racism as well as its evolution over time.
Theme 1: Firstly, the author delves into the theme of childhood experiences to explain the roots of racism, narrowing down on different sub- strands such as the impact at the family level, at school, and at church. Theme 2: Secondly, Andera covers the theme of adolescence as a period of his racial awakening and confusion, narrowing down on the transition through new friendships developed, the Vietnam War and the impact of the civil rights movement, and how racism manifests in the counseling profession. Theme 3: He finalizes on the themes by an allusion to the challenges encountered in adulthood, specifically in embracing an individual commitment towards social action.
First Excerpt
D. Andera in explaining the contribution of his childhood experiences on his views towards racism provides an excerpt regarding encounters during his uncle’s family visits. Through narrating the great admiration, he had for the uncle given his time in the Japanese war, the author similarly draws attention to the tone and demeanor the uncle took while describing African Americans in disparagingly sub -human terminologies. The excerpt is profound given that it particularly contributed to the shaping of his formative racist ideas towards others given the influence of the family discussions regarding African Americans usually in derogative and demeaning terms.

Second Excerpt
Secondly, the author provides an excerpt on the influence of lessons learned at school on his racist attitudes and outlook.He explains the games played such as the Cowboys and Indians and, war scenes during which the acting portrayed Indians and Japs as undesirable individuals who needed to be killed. The excerpt is profound in the sense that it contributed to the writer’s racial stereotypes and built in him a sense of White superiority, with the good and the bad person tag clearly conveying perceptions of racial superiority and inferiority of the American Cowboys and the other depicted races.
Third Excerpt
Thirdly, Andera draws on the lessons and sense of awakening that adolescence served to his racism, describing the impact of new friendships and inspiration to a new idea of racial awareness. Through building friendships with different races resident in economically deprived areas of his city, the author’s eyes opened to new dynamics and insights on racism. The excerpt is profound in that the experience aided in the author’s sense of awareness and understanding of the reality of racism, for instance being able to challenge through experience, various stereotypes he had heard about African Americans.
Summarizing Statements/Concluding Thoughts
Summarily, the various transitionary stages in life were critical to the author’s understanding of racism, from the influence in childhood and through to adolescence. It is, however, clear from the outlook and experiences of a White man, which he or she cannot entirely divorce from the reality of racism in society. Given that as individuals we still live in a racist society, then the continued struggle against racism is greatly important as we move along into the future. Ultimately, the struggle against racism as entangling as it involves the White persons can finally be improved on through individual self-reflection with a view to changes and socially geared action.
Second Article
Omawale Akintunde in White racism, White privilege, White supremacy and the social reconstruction of race equally delves into the reality of racism through a number of pertinent themes. First Theme Racism and the American society particularly stands tall as an introductory theme in understanding White aspects of racism, viewed in the abstract form as uniquely systemic , socially institutionalized and ever present in society. Second Theme Secondly, the author goes on to dissect the theme of whether race is real; the theme brainstorms on the meaning of race and posits that it is a social construct undertaken by whites. Third Theme Thirdly, the theme of viewing race through a specific lens by which a dominant Western culture perceives and understands it as relates to the rest of the world.
First Excerpt
The excerpt alluding to white people’s casual approach to racism is particularly interesting given its almost outright dismissive in nature. That whites argue that one has to commit racism in order for it to exist is profound in the sense that the constrained understanding of racism gives rise to an ulterior character of racism, even worsening rather than eliminating or improving the situation.
Second Excerpt
The excerpt that race is a product of political, social and cultural dimensions that has developed courtesy of varied human efforts over the ages, offers a critical point of explanation and analysis. The excerpt is profound given that it serves to validate the claim that race was indeed a construct by Europeans to create the idea of whiteness as a superior reality in terms of culture , biology, systems and even privilege.
Third Excerpt
Finally, the excerpt that Europeans founded racism on an epistemological lens to paint the world in their worldview and image is worthy of analysis. The excerpt is profound in that the colonial and territorial ambitions were justified on the basis of the supremacy of White civilization in terms of governance, economics, and religion.
Summarizing Statements/Concluding Thoughts
An analysis of race would not be complete without a reference to the imperfections or inconsistencies of the modernism multiculturalism school of thought on race. In as much the paradigm is noble in terms of intentions; its philosophical background is somewhat shaky particularly using the claim that a race is a self-evolving ideology of White Supremacy. An allusion to the modernist multiculturalism thus falls short of ensuring equality and oneness of humankind, in terms of a common destiny for humanity, and only worsens the state of racism.
As varied and disagreeable as the various themes or schools of thought regarding racism can be, an allusion to the postmodernist view can put a number of concerns and controversies to rest. Post cultural modernism ought to be, appreciated, in that it aims at exposing white supremacy as opposed to alluding to other races, eliminate the concept of race and attendant conditions, and finally, disabuse the notion of a dominant Western epistemology as the sole lens through which race is viewed.