Court jurisduiction

Jurisdiction
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Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Personal Jurisdiction
The subject matter jurisdiction is where a lower court has been given authority to hear and determine a case on a given subject, and this is usually very clear. On the other hand, personal jurisdiction is where a lower court has got authority power over the accused person, and this is difficult to determine.
The Requirements of Personal Jurisdiction
The presence of a defendant: The defendant needs to be adequately served with the sermons by the plaintiff while physically present in the state. That means that the federal court in that particular state is given authority over the defendant who was served.
The place of business or domicile: Residing or having a business in a given state gives the federal courts in that state jurisdiction over a person. That means that if the incident one is accused of took place in another country or another state; one can still be sued in the state where he/she resides or has established a business.
The consent of the defendant: One can consent to a court to have personal jurisdiction over him. Consent comes in two forms that are implied consent and expresses consent. Express consent is granted by willingly appearing in the court and allowing courts to have authority over you while implied consent is granted by an individual’s actions, facts, and circumstances of a given incident.
The minimum contacts: A federal court can have personal jurisdiction over an individual if the individual maintains certain minimum contacts.

Types of Personal Jurisdiction
In Personam Jurisdiction: This is where a federal court is having a personal jurisdiction, can express its authority over the individual of a given defendant. For example, residing, maintaining contact or being issued a legal notice in a given state, gives the court a personam jurisdiction.
In Rem Jurisdiction: A federal court that has been granted in rem jurisdiction, has the right to hear and determine the rights of everyone about given item of property. For example, one can own property in a given state, although the person may not be sued in that given state, the courts in that state have jurisdiction over your property, and that gives them authority over you.
Quasi-in-rem Jurisdiction: Where a federal court has got the authority to adjudicate whether given persons own certain properties that are within the court’s control is known as quasi-in-rem jurisdiction. For example, adjudicating on a case that is foreclosing a mortgage by a federal court is a clear example of a quasi-in-rem jurisdiction, since the court does not decide the legal rights of the world of that given property; however, it defines the rights of the mortgagee and the mortgagor.
Types of Cases That Federal Courts Hear
Criminal cases: Cases, where a person has broken the law, are known as criminal cases. The laws are passed by the government, and they define and prohibit anti-social behavior (Fradella, 2012). Examples of criminal cases include murder, cyber-crimes, robbery and credit card theft.
Civil cases: These are cases between private individuals over a given situation. The example of civil cases is a failure to pay a debt as promised, being sued for injuries caused by accident.
Reference
Fradella, N. (2012). Solution manual for Americas Courts and the Criminal Justice System. Book,11th edition pg. 3.