New Approaches To Genetics And Personality

New approaches to genetics and personality

As we already know the genetic disposition that our parents grant us from the moment of fertilization will determine how the final result of many parts of our body will be such as bone structure, phenotypes, muscle insertions, mesotype, personality, etc.

On this occasion we will cover how this genetic predisposition could determine the personality of an individual.

Before all, it must be taken into account that not only genetic predisposition will inevitably influence our personality but that there are other factors such as environmental in which culture, adoption and twin cases can be understood.

The weight of genetics or inheritance about our personality can range from 40% to 60% according to Professor Nathan Gillespie, of the Queensland Medical Institute of Australia, pointed yesterday in the closure of the VIII edition of the Edition of the Meeting Project Human Human, which is celebrated in Valencia, that genes influence up to 60% in the personality of man. However, he stressed the importance of environmental factors so that inherited features are expressed.  

“In any case, intelligent behavior, imaginative/creative strategies, traditionalism, rebellion, etc. They are surely much more related to training (education, training, environmental stimuli) and the beliefs of an individual than with their genetic or hereditary factors." 

The beliefs mentioned in the previous paragraph can be given by environmental factors that are divided into two according to Jaime Prats:

One of them is the shared environment, that is, everything that absorbs their family life and that people have in common with their brothers. Another is the not shared environment, derived from individual experiences, which is the aspect that really makes us different ’, as the researcher pointed out. For the rapporteur, genetics will always be, at most, ‘a predisposition of the individual to express certain personality features’, so the environment ‘will be decisive to favor such traits to emerge or not’. (Prats, 2001)

Correlations between genetic and environmental influences

There is a correlation in these two aspects since together they develop and identify the personality of an individual.

According to his book "Personality Psychology" points out that: Behavioral genetics is responsible for studying these influences both on behavior and personality characteristics. The genetic contribution of personality always part of two groups of people with different degrees of similarity: genetics and environmental. As for the genetic similarity, identical or monozygotos twins share 100% of their genes, while the diced twins, brothers, or biological parents and children only share 50% of their genes. The adopted brothers and the parents and their adopted children do not have any of their genes in common. And with regard to the environment, it is assumed that the people who are raised together have a greater degree of environmental similarity than those that have been educated separately. Environmental influences can be shared and not shared. The former are due to the fact of sharing the same family, the same social class, the same economic level, the same religion, the same values or identical styles of treatment. Not shared environmental influences refer to the different environments that children may experience even if they are raised in the same family. These factors include the agenda, the differences in parents’ treatment, the interactions between the brothers, the changes in family circumstances, the different relationships outside the home with friends, colleagues and teachers and non -systematic factors such as accidentsor diseases.

There are 5 basic personality dimensions which give a moderate degree of inheritability from 20% to 45%

1. Extraversion
2. Affability
3. Tenacity
4. Neuroticism
5. Opening

Regarding occupational attitudes and preferences there are the following degrees of inheritability:

Attitudes:

• Conservatism and traditionalism 30% and 60%
• Religious attitudes 0%
•  

Occupational preferences (talents):

• Moderate inheritability in smoking behavior: start, persistence and abandonment.
• Quite high heritability for alcoholism (.50 or more).
• There is a certain genetic link between alcoholism and antisocial disorder.

In conclusion, personality characteristics are 30 to 50% inherited and 50 to 70% environmental.

EXAMPLE:

A tacit example of the interaction of the inheritance-environment is alcoholism, because, it is possible that alcoholics are born with that condition, not to become alcoholic. There is evidence that this disease comes from family and that a high risk of suffering from it originates in the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors, hence it is concluded that alcoholic children are four times more likely to develop alcoholism in themselvessame as the children of those who are not focused especially on psychosocial development. (Dominguez, 2014)

The interaction between genes and the environment

For (Perez, 2017) in his document entitled "Interaction between Gen and Environment" says that the interaction that occurs between genes and the environment results in different phenotypic purposes. This interaction is exploited by plant and animals improvers for the benefit of agriculture and livestock. For example, plants can be raised to have specific environments tolerance, such as high or low water availability. The way in which expression features vary in a whole range of environments for a certain genotype is called reaction rule. In genetic epidemiology it is frequently observed that diseases are grouped into families, but family members cannot inherit the disease as such. Often, sensitivity will inherit the effects of the various environmental risk factors. Individuals can be affected by the different exposure to the same environment significantly from a medical point of view. For example, exposure to sunlight has a much greater influence on the risk of skin cancer in people of light skin than in people with an inherited tendency to have a darker skin.

In the popular debate between ‘the innate and the acquired’ it is assumed that the variation in a certain characteristic is mainly due to genetic variability.

However, the current scientific opinion is that neither genetics nor the environment are the only ones responsible for individual variation, and that almost all features show an interaction between genes and the environment.

In lively animals, such as human beings, environmental influences can act on pre and post-natal development. Therefore, these influences can be as strong and lasting in the uterus as genetic or environmental influence after birth

Examples of gen-environment interaction

Rats experiment in a maze

A classic example of gen-environment interaction is Tryon’s artificial selection experiment on the ability of rats to travel a maze. Tryon achieved a remarkable difference in the ability to travel a maze in two rats, after seven generations of ‘bright’ rats and ‘boring’ rats raising those who traveled the maze better and worse. The difference between these lines was clearly genetic, since the offspring of the two lines, raised in identical laboratory conditions, toured the labyrinth differently. This difference disappeared in a single generation if the rats were raised in an environment enriched with more objects to explore and more social interaction. This result shows that the ability to travel the labyrinth is the product of gen-environment interaction;The genetic effect is only observed in some environmental conditions.

Experiment with cultivated plants at different height

For this experiment, seven genetically different millenrama plants were collected and three cuts of each plant were taken. A cut of each genotype at low, medium, and high altitude was planted, respectively. When the plants matured, it was observed that no genotype grew better to the same altitude, while differences were found in each of the seven genotypes grown in different altitude. For example, a genotype gave a higher floor in average altitude, but only gave medium plants at the other two altitudes. Plants that best grew at low height also grew little in average altitude. The average altitude produced the worst global results, but still a high floor sample was obtained. The altitude of the land had an effect on each genotype, but not to the same extent or in the same way.

Environmental effects on genetic expression

We know that each human being is born with two genes defined by one by the mother and one by the father;the set of all the genes of an individual and this is called genotype. But it should be noted that not all of these genes manifest.

Image result for image of a genotype] On the other hand, there is the phenotype, which manifests itself to the naked eye in the individual since this the external manifestation of the genotype, that is to say the physical qualities. The phenotype is the result of the interaction between the genotype and the environment. The environment of a gene is the other genes, the cell cytoplasm and the external environment where the individual develops.

Image result for epigenetics] On the other hand, we have the epigenetics these are mechanisms that are capable of modifying or changing the expression of genes since it works as a record of everything that happens in the individual’s environment: it could be definedas the memory of the environment in which the individual is exposed. Epigenetic signals vary according to cell types and the vital moment of organisms since the same genes should not always be explained at the same time or place. But sometimes these patterns change, taking some cases to diseases. The reason for these changes is not unique and it is here that environmental factors enter into genetic changes since there have been cases where certain harmful pollutants and compounds induce genetic variations.

Other factors that influence the genetic change of the human being through the environment are: effects of temperature, sunlight, food and nutrients.

For example, the polygenic effect of skin color is modified by the environmental effects of sunlight exposure.

Another example that could be put on changes in genetic expression by the environment is the stature of the individual since it is affected by poor nutrients and nutrient intake.

Several authors were those who discovered that environmental location had an essential effect on genetic expression. More, however, it will be necessary that new jobs be carried out to delimit that the differences in the gene are relevant to health risks already mentioned above.

Molecular Genetic

As stated by his book entitled “GENETICA A conceptual approach” ensures that molecular genetics deals with the chemical nature of the gene itself: as is encoded, replicated and the genetic information is expressed.Includes cellular replication, transcription and translation processes, through which genetic information is transferred from one molecule to another .The Molecular Genetics Center is the gene, its structure, organization and function .

At present we know that the genetic material is located in the DNA considered as the molecule of inheritance, it is known that a gene is composed of a molecule known as DNA. This molecule is the carrier of information that gives a cell and an organism of its biological characteristics. Everything that an organism is, depends on its DNA, that is why DNA is the fundamental biological molecule.

At the structural level the idea of a gene is extended as a DNA segment constituted by introns and exons, to conceive it as a structure that also contains regulatory sequences and promoting regions. The exons by its side is the region of a gene that contains coding DNA for a protein, while introns are the section of a gene that does not contain any instruction for protein synthesis. We also find in the DNA the nitrogen bases which are: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, are very important since the sequence in DNA and RNA will serve us for the storage of information.

Taking into account that the genetic material is in the nucleus and that the information containedProteins. Jacob and Monod in 1961 proposed the messenger hypothesis: ‘There must be a molecule that transports information faithfully from DNA to proteins’. In that same year Brenner demonstrated the existence of this intermediary that turned out to be a ribonucleic acid molecule called Messenger RNA (RNA-M). Subsequently, the RNA-M had to be translated into protein. Based on these works Crick (1970) lighting the idea of a fundamental system of maintenance and flow of genetic information in living organisms that called central dogma of molecular biology. So that the genetic information contained in the DNA is maintained through its replication capacity. The information contained in the DNA is expressed giving rise to proteins, through the transcription processes, step by which the information is transferred to a messenger RNA molecule (RNA-M) and, through the translation process the message transported byRNA-M translates into protein.

DNA replication is given as the two strands of the original DNA molecule, the nucleotides of each strand attract free complementary nucleotides. Once they have totally unwound, they will have created two DNA molecules, each identical to the first, it is important to mention that the replication does not always proceed in accordance with the provisions, there may be errors, when this occurs there is the emergence of the emergence of thePeople with Dowm syndrome, who are going to have an more chromosome in each cell, but it is more frequent than duplication errors are given by mutations, which are alterations in specific genes.

Bibliography

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• Dominguez, f. (June 12, 2014). Obtained from Prezi: https: // prezi.com/ewszqaeym5dq/genetic-and-environmental influences-of-person-personality/
• Genetics, m. (April 4, 2019). Obtained from https: // world genetic.Jimdo.com/tem%c3%a1tica/1-base-molecular-of-hell/1-2-structure-and-part
• José Bermúdez Moreno, A. M. (2013). PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY. Madrid: National University of Distance Education (UNED).
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• Pierce, b. (2009). GENETICA A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH. Madrid: Editorial Medica Paramerica S.A.