One good paragraph for every question!! At least 4 to 5 sentences.

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Philosophy
Q1. Benefits of Philosophy
Philosophy is the analysis of utmost important issues concerning the very basic questions in our lives. It is important because it greatly improves problem-solving capabilities in any area of life. The philosophical study may be confined to a student`s area of expertise in order to help students focus on issues surrounding their careers and thus help in developing it further. Students as a whole should be equipped with reasoning skills that are specific to their occupation. Development of this skill is most important because students need to be much diversified in their thoughts due to the complexity of current and emerging issues that need to be carefully reasoned out and dealt with.
Q2. Socratic Method
Socratic Method is among the most ancient and powerful teaching methods that trigger and encourages critical thinking. The method focusses on giving students questions as opposed to answers. By using questions to analyze situations, individual minds are modeled in a different way by triggering the thinking process. The disciplined thought, having been tailored by the focus on the reasoning elements, help us in the formulation of logical connections and interrelations which do assist in preparing us for Socratic questioning. Socratic Method of teaching is one of the most useful methods to help students immerse themselves to think deeply because the questioner acts as a representation of the inner voice which improves critical thinking abilities.

In any discussion, input from the class members highlight the thought process and have to be guided to flow in a reasonable manner.
Q3. Critical thinking
Critical thinking refers to the capability to think rationally and clearly on what to do in a situation or what to believe in. The skill consists of the capability to engage in expansive and independent reasoning. Thinking critically is not all about gaining information. On the contrary, a critical thinker knows how to use the acquired information to solve problems and seeks out relevant information sources for himself. Critical thinking approaches a philosophical issue by ideal methods of cooperative reasoning and identifying constructive tasks. In approaching any philosophical issue, thinking critically helps students to break down such an issue into constituent parts that can then be dealt with separately and brought together to come up with the best solution to any inquiry.
Q4. Induction, Abduction, and Deduction
Induction is a form of reasoning where a person uses specific facts or ideas to give the party concerned a conclusion or general rule. An argument is made to account for existing data. Deduction, on the other hand, is the given process of getting to a decision or specific answer by reference to a general principle or law laid down. The conclusion is based on the given general or universal law. Abduction, on the other hand, is the action of taking someone away forcibly and against their will. It is also known as kidnapping.
Q5. Areas of Philosophy
Philosophy encompasses different areas that make up its structure. Aesthetics is the study of the nature of artistic taste and creation and appreciation of the element of beauty. Aesthetics looks into how the artists come up with, create and show their works of Art. It also looks into the feelings people have when they look at art and how such art affects their beliefs, moods, and attitude towards life in general. Epistemology is a part of philosophy that deals with overall scope and nature of belief and knowledge. It looks into the nature of knowledge and how it is related to other notions that include truth, belief, and justification. It analyzes ways in which knowledge is produced and doubts about varying knowledge claims. Ethics is also a part of philosophy that deals with defending, putting concepts of right and wrong in a systematic order and also advocating concepts of the right and wrong conduct. Logic is also a core area of philosophy that involves the analysis of good reasoning by looking into the justification of arguments and takin note of their misapprehension. Metaphysics is a philosophical branch that explores the most important questions that include the character of concepts such as the state of being, reality, and existence as a whole.
Q6. Materialism, Dualism, and Idealism
Materialism is a philosophical concept which dictates that matter is the most important substance in nature and that everything emanates from it including consciousness and mental interactions. Dualism is a concept that our minds are bigger than just our brains. It holds that our mind has a spiritual element that comprises consciousness and more importantly a possible eternal attribute. Idealism, on the other hand, states that reality as humans know it is a product of our mentality. Idealism itself comes out as a form of doubt concerning the possibility of knowing anything independent from the scope and outlook of the mind.
Q7. Nature of Universals and Particulars
The word Universal is another term for concepts or ideas. Particular is a term that stands for specific things that we experience in the world. Platonic realism is a view that universals dwell in a separate world and that particular objects in this reality adopt forms that are immaterial. Exaggerated realism dictates that the similarity of universals is their occurrence in particulars. That the concepts occur in the objects that are physical and not in a different reality. The concept holds that universal exists as part of what makes them similar. Ideas exist in the physical objects, such as our minds, and not in a separate reality. Conceptualism holds that ideas are a reality but are dependent on the thought process of an individual and what they think of. A universal term highlights the relationship among specific objects. Extreme nominalism states that forms or universals do not exist, but only individual objects or particulars do.
Q8. Anaximander on Nature of Substance
Anaximander who existed in the year 610-546 BCE was one of Thales students. Thales undertook to make a discovery on the reality`s primary substance. Anaximander believed in the boundless and infinite nature of the primary substance. He did not believe that any fundamental or primary substance would occur in a form that is pure and observable. This was a true concept because in this day and age we are not able to view a primary substance anywhere around the globe. He was of the notion that the “aperion,” an indefinite and unlimited substance was the genesis of all things.
Q9. Pythagoras on Nature of Substance
Pythagoras believed that numbers dictated reality. This meant that numbers always had to be absolute. He is famous for his scientific observation that on the right-angled triangle that, the addition of the square of the other two sides will be equal to the square of the hypotenuse. This was true because it applies to all values in a right-angled triangle. The concept is easily verified and cannot be falsified. The theorem is verifiable and impossible to falsify. In Pythagoras view, an individual has to understand the numbers in order to get to the nature of reality or substance. Pythagoras believed that numbers would never be wrong because there will definitely be a correct answer.
Q10. Aristotle`s four causes
According to Aristotle`s diverse work, there exist four causes that contribute to all change in the globe. They include the final cause, efficient cause, material cause and formal cause. Material cause refers to the true physical properties of a given object. It encompasses what we can touch, see, taste and feel. The formal cause is the overall design or structure of a being. The formal cause is the unique characteristic that distinguishes one thing from another. The efficient cause is the driving force that brings existence to something. Lastly, the final cause is defined as the primary purpose for existence. This deals with the specific reason why something was created or made.
Q11. Rationalism vs. Empiricism
Rationalism entails the adoption of a claim among three. Rationalists believe that there are important ways in which our knowledge and concepts are gained in a different manner from experience by the senses. Empiricists, on the other hand, believe that if the experience is not able to provide the knowledge or concepts the rationalist’s outline, then we do not undergo them. Empiricism also differs with rationalists accounts that the source of knowledge and concepts is the reason.
Q12. A priori and A posteriori knowledge
The words “a priori” and “a posteriori” are used basically to outline the foundation upon which a given proposition is identified. It is termed a priori knowledge if it can be identified independently of all specific experiences. A posteriori is premised on logic which stems from having a particular experience. There must be evidence from present experience.
Q13. Foundationalism and Coherentism
Foundationalism entails philosophical theories of knowledge riding on the belief that is justified or a certain foundation that is secure such as a conclusion that comes from a soundly premised basis. Coherentism is a concept where a body of knowledge that does not require a secure foundation, can be instituted by its components interlocking strength.
Q14. Pragmatic Theories and Correspondence Theory
Pragmatic theories are theories within philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism. The theories share a common feature on the reliance of the pragmatic maxim as a way to clarify the interpretation of concepts that are difficult such as truth. It also places emphasis on the given fact that certainty, belief, knowledge or truth is the result of an inquiry. The correspondence theory of truth dictates that the falsity or truth of any statement is determined by its actual relation to the world and whether it describes it accurately. The theory holds that true statements and beliefs are in line with the actual state of affairs.
Q15. Gödel’s Theorem and Implications
From Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, three implications become evident. First, some individuals have viewed (semantic) GIT as a convincing argument against mechanism. This is against the thesis that minds are machines. Secondly, in The Philosophical Significance of Gödel’s Theorem, Michael Dummett argues that GIT may be taken as an argument contrary to the thesis, by indicating that arithmetic meaning and truth inevitably outrun the application of any symbolic manipulation. He puts forth the idea of indefinite extensibility to save the thesis and starts a lengthy debate. Thirdly, Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem directly and controversially disproved Hilbertian`s formalism. This was one of the instances which had a huge impact on his philosophical contribution.
References
Brien, Dan O. An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. Polity, 2006.
Smullyan, Raymond N. Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems. Oxford Logic Guides. Oxford UP, USA, 1992, Accessed 2 Feb. 2018.