study guid

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Study Guide
Quiz 1
Empirical evidence refers to the information obtained by experimentation or observation. The data acquired is documented and processed by scientists and is a core procedure as a portion of the scientific method.
Quiz 2
A theory is a deduction or a structure of thoughts envisioned to describe something, particularly one focused on general standards autonomous of the variable to be defined. A hypothesis is a suggestion created as a foundation for thinking, without any notion of its truth.
Quiz 3
Deductive thinking operates from the more general to the more specific. For example, it can involve narrowing a theory about the subject of discussion into more specific hypotheses that can be verified. In contrast, inductive thinking operates in the opposite by migrating from specific observations to more general ideas and theories.
Quiz 4
Qualitative research collects data that is non-numerical in nature like the unstructured interviews while quantitative research collects information in the form of numbers that can be placed into classes or in rank order. The qualitative research can be used to offer details about emotion, human behavior, and personality features that cannot be acquired via quantitative research. It has less statistical strength than quantitative research in revealing and confirming trends. Quantitative research, on the other hand, has great power in offering descriptive information about the population of interest.

Nonetheless, the data is sometimes challenging to interpret.
Quiz 5
A true experiment is a kind of experimental design and is considered to be the most precise class of experimental studies. Experimentation can spread across almost all disciplines of research and has a high scale of control. Nevertheless, it is subjected to human errors and can be time-consuming to accomplish.
Quiz 6
An independent variable is a variable that stands solely and is not altered by other variables being measured. Examples are price and age. A dependent variable is that which depends on other variables being measured. Examples include sales volume and profit. The range of the independent variable depends on the subject of the study and the dependent variable to be measured.
Quiz 7
A correlation is the extent of the interdependence of the dependent and independent variables. Correlations enable researchers to gather much more information than experiments. However, they only reveal a relationship but cannot offer a conclusive rationale for such associations. The three possible outcomes are that changes in variable Y may be resulting in changes in variable X; changes in X causing changes in Y; and changes in variable Z, unmeasured factors, causing changes in Y and X.
Quiz 8
A quasi-experiment refers to an empirical research applied to approximate the causal effect of an intervention on its population of interest without an unsystematic assignment. It lacks the aspect of random assignment to control or treatment.
Quiz 9
Applied research is one that attempts to respond to a question in the real-life and offer a solution to a problem. Basic research is one that offers the knowledge people lack and attempts to learn aspects that are not often directly applicable immediately.
Quiz 10
The APA code of ethics requires of all psychologists to show and maintain competence, integrity, respect for individuals’ dignity and rights, and scientific and professional responsibilities in their professional work and duties.
Quiz 11
The ethical responsibilities when planning and conducting research include avoiding unwarranted disturbance, anticipating problems, safeguarding research players and respecting trust, discussing an informed agreement, observing anonymity and confidentiality, and reasonable return for support.
Quiz 12
The three studies include Philip Zimbardo’s Standford Prison study, Staley Milgram’s compliance to authority studies, and John Watson’s Little Albert conditioned fear study.
Quiz 13
Questionable activities are the practices in research that create a methodical prejudice in empirical outcomes. Misconduct refers to falsification, fabrication, or plagiarism in suggesting, executing or evaluating research and in reporting the outcomes of the research. On the other hand, fraud is a type of misconduct encompassing plagiarism, falsification, and fabrication.
Quiz 14
The three guidelines identified by the Belmont Report are the beneficence, respect, and justice.
Quiz 15
The protected populations include prisoners, children, students, expectant women and fetuses, educational or economically challenged, diminished decision-making potential, and Non-English speaking.
Quiz 16
The Responsibilities include
Maintaining the confidentiality of study participants
Getting informed consent from all the participants,
Quickly reporting all unanticipated issues
Informing the participants about the benefits and risks of the study
Promptly responding to participants questions and problems
Effective training as per ethical code of research
Complying with all the ethical conducts
Quiz 17
Informed consent refers to a situation where the players of research are well informed about the research, the possible benefits and risk of their contribution and that they will take part in research, not therapy. The basic elements include competence, patient understanding, accuracy and quantity of information, voluntariness, and authorization.
Quiz 18
While informed consent involves getting the subjects of the research well informed about the details of the research, including the risk and benefits, the use of deception involves misleading or not fully informing the subjects about the exact form of the research. A serious deception should be prevented as it endangers the integrity of informed consent.
Quiz 19
Internal validity shows the causal association between the variables of measurement in a study, while external validity has procedural variables and shows the generalizability of the study and the extent to which it generalizes to a given population properly.
Quiz 20
Population refers to a well-established assortment of objects or individuals believed to have comparable features. A sample refers to a predetermined portion of statistical population overall characteristics are studied to get information about the entirety.
Quiz 21
Random assignment is the application of chance processes in psychology experiments to guarantee that each subject has similar chance to be assigned to any particular group, such as treatment or experimental group.
Quiz 22
Random selection is the way sample members are chosen from the population for the presence in the study.
Quiz 23
Probabilistic sampling is where the population subjects obtain an equal chance to be chosen as a representative sample, whereas, non-probabilistic sampling will where it is not known the individual from the population that will be selected as a representative sample.
Quiz 24
The operational definition refers to a description of an experimental process for the conversion of a variable into numeric value or units that can be measured quantitatively.
Quiz 25
Extraneous variables refer to the undesirable variables that affect the association between variables being examined by an experimenter, whereas, the intervening variables refer to the variables that assist in explaining the association between two variables, for example, the association between education and expenditure.
Quiz 26
A control group refers to a collection of subjects that do not obtain the treatment that is studied in the research activity.
Quiz 27
The three types of research methods are the descriptive, correlational, and experimental research. Moreover, the first type descriptive research method is the observational method, in which the human and animal behavior is carefully observed. The advantage of this method is that the researchers observe the participants in their natural settings, resulting in greater ecological validity than other methods. The method, nevertheless, can be time-consuming. The second type of descriptive research is the case study, which entails an in-depth study of groups of individuals or an individual. The advantage of this method is that it results in testable hypotheses and permits the researchers to study occasional occurrences. The disadvantage of the case study is that it is subjected to expectancy influences, including the experimenter’s basic prejudice that might impact the decisions made during the research. The last type is the survey method, in which the participant respond to questions administered via the questionnaires or interviews. The advantage of this method is that it permits many types of answers from the participants. However, the data obtained can be difficult to analyze and interpret statistically due to the coding process.
Quiz 28
The first section of a research paper is the title, which shows the problem to the project. The second section is the abstract, which is applied by the audience to promptly review the general paper content. The third section is the introduction, which introduces the broad general topic and offers basic background details. It also offers the purpose and concentration for the rest of the paper. The literature review is the fourth section. It describes the past significant research, and it connects it especially to the research problem. The fifth section is the methods, which describe the research methodology and design that will be applied to finish the study. The sixth section is the results, in which the outcomes of the analysis are given as they relate to the research problem. The seventh section is the discussion or conclusion, which discusses the results and the inferences on the discipline, alongside other areas of study. Here, the hypothesis needs to be answered and authenticated by the results interpretation. The eighth section is the references or bibliography, showing a list of all sources consulted and formatted according to APA, Harvard, MLA, among other methods.
Quiz 29
Primary articles are sources hat report the results and methods of an original study conducted by the authors, such as surveys. On the other hand, review articles are secondary sources does not provide original research by itself but offer a great impression of the existing work on a topic, such as the books.
Quiz 30
Peer-review process is the process of exposing an author’s academic piece, ideas, or research to the analysis of others who are specialists in the similar discipline, before a paper outlining this piece is published as a book or in a journal.