Use And Abuse Of Alcohol In The Socialization Of The University Community

Use and abuse of alcohol in the socialization of the university community

Introduction

The regular practice of physical activity seems to relate to beneficial effects, both physical and psychological. On the other hand, there is plenty. In addition, research shows that physical exercise contributes to increasing psychological well -being, and provides benefits in the O’Sese density of practitioners, increasing bone mineral density in the early stages of life and slowing down the loss of bone mass in people in peopleover 50 years (Cenarruzabeitia, et al. 2013 and Bagur 2013).

In 2010, a study (omedilla, et al) was conducted where the results indicate that students who practice physical activity, whether federated or not federated, are manifested lower levels of anxiety and depression than sedentary students, in the line of the majorityof works that have studied these relationships, that is, in the case of addictions and specifically that of alcohol the factors as physical activity and sex of the individual can be decisive.

University life develops during adolescence, this understands a period of life after puberty and before adulthood. At this stage, feelings never experienced before the "first love" begin to arouse before. Flaubert also distinguishes love (maternal love, couple love), knowing about their brand and the new desire that surprises the teenager before which, he almost faints, to disappear, and erase himself to the object of his new desire.

It is then a new path of the drive that does not change, the new is in the way the unconscious surprises and divides the subject, it is its statute and its cutting logic. The teenager will be surprised, bewildered by that new desire that his unconscious produces (Lacan 2001).

Developing

Decisions in Life

Decision making (TD) is the ability to choose a course of action between a set of available options (Verdejo-García, Vilar-López, Pérez-García, Podell & Goldberg, 2006). According to the hypothesis of the Somatic Marker (HMS), the TD is facilitated by emotion. Precisely, the emotional states that arise in a context of uncertainty intervene in an advantageous choice. These emotional states act as somatic markers, since they are associated with previous experiences of reward or punishment before a TD and are recovered to "mark" the valence, positive or negative, of the current experiences of TD. In this way, the TD is guided towards adaptive objectives (Reimann & Bechara, 2010). According to HMS, emotional experience implies a subjective and somatic reaction that can occur in the form of vegetative, muscular, neuroendocrine or neurophosological changes, in the face of events, positive or negative, which result from the TD process. When individuals fail to process these somatic markers, they respond valuing the immediate reward and ignore the possible negative consequences. This phenomenon is called "myopia towards the future" (Verdejo-García, Vilar-López, Pérez-García, Podell & Goldberg, 2006).

Thus, it is possible that individuals who present a maladaptive TD also show alterations in their emotional processes (Martínez-Selva, Sánchez-Navarro, Bechara & Román, 2006). It is important to mention that TD among young university students is highly exposed to stimuli (alcoholism) that can make it an maladaptive TD and result in situations unavailable to emotional, physical and mental health.

TD and the age of the individual

Between approximately 12 and 20/25, there is a particular interaction between 2 different neurobiological systems. On the one hand, the socio -emotional system that includes the limbic region and that develops at the beginning of adolescence and, on the other hand, the cognitive control system, associated with the prefrontal region, whose maturation is completed towards the end of adolescence (Steinberg, 2010). Consequently, between adolescence and youth, individuals have a predisposition to risk taking since they do not have sufficient controls before behavioral guidelines biased by their emotional experience, which can lead them to make unfortunate decisions. It is not uncommon to hear in the news, the amount of crimes committed by young people, individuals who should be studying some school.

In turn, both positive emotions and negatives influence young people (Balogh, Mayes & Potenza, 2013).For example, adolescents and young people exposed to positive stimuli valued less risk a series of situations such as alcohol consumption or admission to a car driven by a drunk individual (Haase & Silbereisen, 2011). It is possible to say that alcohol abuse among young university students is an example of unavailable decision making and that deteriorates physical and metal health.

For its part, intensive alcohol consumption (CIA), "Binge Drinking" in English literature, is a very frequent consumption modality between adolescents and young people (Parada et al., 2011). The CIA is characterized by being an un controlled or problematic consumption that, in general, is estimated from 4-5 or more standard drink units in women and men, on the same occasion of consumption respectively (Niaaa, 2004). In a recent review it is concluded that the highest indices of CIA are given in late adolescence (18 to 25 years; Spear, 2015). Frequently, the CIA in adolescents and young people is associated with alterations in memory, attention, executive functions and verbal fl uncy (Mota et al., 2013) In this sense, various studies indicate that adolescents and young people presenting a CIA have a low performance in TD (Goudriaan et al., 2007). In the same way, in other studies it was evidenced that alcohol consumption, even in circumstances of acute intake, propitiates a disadvantageous TD (Acuña, Castillo, Bechara & Godoy, 2013).

Adding social disadvantages

Mexico, a country of strong social contrasts, has been limited to millions of young people for several decades for several decades. The absence of redistributive public policies capable of guaranteeing the exercise of the most basic norms of social citizenship, together with the poor performance of labor markets in recent decades, has led to reproduction, when not the accumulation of social disadvantages among theYoung people with low strata. In a few cases, these disadvantages have led to biographical itineraries that scratch social exclusion. In Mexico, social inclusion opportunities are limited and its distribution is very unequal. In this context, the concern to understand how young people who have lived situations of poverty, family violence and addictions try to "get ahead in life" emerge, identify the obstacles they face, the resources they mobilize, the decisions they make and the occurrence of eventsSocio-demographic that, little by little, their lives are dissimilarly. Two different paths are distinguished in the route of possible overcoming social disadvantages: on the one hand, overcoming through schooling, and on the other, overcoming via protected labor insertion. The reproduction route of social disadvantages materializes in labor and precarious biographies or through the reproduction of gender inequalities linked to the marriage union that confines the life of some women to the domestic sphere. Finally, the social exclusion risk route bifurca, also on two paths. In the first, young people after having starred in social transgression behaviors, seem to have found a possible way of reversion of exclusion through institutional support;This route represents the promise of social integration. In the second, young people have been trapped in chronic pauperization situations and exclusion results in behaviors that question the forms of social coexistence and legitimize practices that contravene them (Mora, 2013).

Importance of the family nucleus in irrigation situations such as alcoholism

In the following Flow Diagram of Mora (2013). Don can be related to consumption of alcohol between university students and inherited inequalities. Following the course of trajectories for example a trajectory with good parental care and more than anything support and good family integration the aspirations and expectations of life are greater are greater.

When considering the influence of family origin in the lives of young people, it is relevant to take into account the various aspects already mentioned: the material conditions of existence;Family features such as the position of young people among the brothers (as), the condition of man or woman;forms of coexistence and family support to which you have access. It is known that the conditions of existence of families of origin have decisive consequences on the life opportunities of their members, as we previously indicated.

Even in extreme cases of more severe deprivations, the family can act as a factor that promotes risk behaviors among children/young people, supporting or favoring their participation in income generation activities associated with begging, drug addiction, theft and theft andChild prostitution (Espíndola, 2013). But we must also emphasize that a family environment that provides affection, emotional support, security and protection can contribute to partially counteract the unfavorable impact of the lack of material resources, acting as a first -order social protection factor(Mora Salas and Oliveira, 2014).

When the family nucleus erodes, the support of other relatives (uncles, grandparents) can be vital to guarantee daily maintenance (house, food, dress) and permanence in the educational system;especially in a society in which the family occupies a central role in the provision of Social Security (Barba, 2004).

Having a relative close to what to resort if necessary (material or emotional) is an aspect that highlights, as a valuable resource, in the life stories analyzed. The heads of family, women who sometimes assume the raising of their children, constitute a central figure in the stories around the family of these young people. They also highlight the role of brothers and sisters who enter the scene in various ways. The sisters assume, most of the time, the tasks linked to domestic and care work. Men, on the other hand, generate income derived from their early insertion into the labor market, sometimes to replace the income that the father stopped providing due to death, abandonment or migration others to add some money to limited family income. The older brothers and sisters help, in the same way, the minors in the elaboration of the school tasks to replace the lack of study or time of the parents, or “extend their hand” to overcome critical life of life (drug addiction, alcoholism,paternal abandonment). However, the presence of a brother looking for illegitimate ways to obtain resources or incurs critical addictions, can become a risk factor for others. In sum, the material conditions of existence and forms of coexistence show that families, as a scope of interaction, socialization, emotional support and daily maintenance, play a central role in the biographical itinerary of young people of low strata, as they usuallybe the main source of resources at your disposal. When solidarity predominates at home, the family exerts influence on the orientation of its life course, becoming a protection factor against current social exclusion trends. However, family influences can also operate in the opposite direction. When the frequent conflict, violence, sexual abuse and abandonment, the family is a factor that contributes to unstructure the life paths of young people and is articulated with other forces that favor the dynamics of social exclusion. (Mora, 2013).

Young people with a positive family history (HFP) of alcohol abuse are more vulnerable to presenting alcohol abuse and experiencing negative consequences associated with the consumption of this drug (Leeman, Fenton & Volpicelli, 2007). An HFP favors the early onset of alcohol consumption (Dawson, 2000) that, in turn, predicts the high consumption of it that increases the number and severity of the experienced problems (Pilatti, Read & Caneto201). Other studies (Elliott, Carey & Bona fi de, 2012; Pilatti, Caneto, Garimaldi, Vera & Pautassi, 2014) observed a synergistic effect between both risk factors, where an HFP exacerbated the facilitating effect of early start of alcohol consumption.

Alcoholism in university students

The use and consumption of psychotropic drugs, including alcohol, is a constant in the history of humanity. At least, from the cult of the God Bacchus of ancient Greece to the metaphor of wine as the blood of Christ, the naturist attitude of the hippy movement, the consumption of illegal drugs in the culture of marginality, the use to obtainof the success between the “yupi” population and the engine of fun in the current adolescent. The invasion of massive alcohol consumption as an increasing social phenomenon, both in industrialized societies and in rural and agrarian areas, causes the call of medicine to try to find solutions to the problem.

Multiple definitions have been constituted around alcohol and its effects. Few, simple and clear. The American Society of Addiction Medicine defined alcoholism as a “primary and chronic disease whose development influence biological, psychosocial and environmental factors. It is a disease with frequent fatal evolution. In etiology alcoholism is a multifactorial origin syndrome, biological factors, genetic factors, educational, psychological and environmental factors will intervene. Clinically it is characterized by withdrawal symptoms, by decreasing or suppressing alcohol intake, by deficit of consumption control, by minimization or denial of intake and for persistence in consumption despite the adverse effects. These symptoms can be continuous or periodic (Díaz, 2007).

There are sufficient evidence that relate the environmental factors acquired during life, such as habits and lifestyles, with the appearance of cardiovascular diseases and events (pollen 2001). During the first years of adult life, certain habits are acquired that include the type of diet, sedentary lifestyle or smoking, among others, whose posterior medication is difficult, and that will determine the future cardiovascular health of individuals in adult life. Therefore, it is interesting. The characterization of the modifyable cardiovascular risk factors of the young Spanish population is useful in the orientation and planning of actions, advice and interventions of a preventive nature. The consumption of alcohol and tobacco are widely extended habits in society and particularly in youth, which does not allow to anticipate that in the medium term the health problems related to these habits in this population significantly decrease. The harmful lifestyles, including risk behaviors such as tobacco, alcohol and other drugs in young.

Although in the promotion of healthy or healthy lifestyles, responsibility is shared in several levels, the adoption of lifestyles in young people should be one of the tasks to be fulfilled in the university, through health promotion, promotingThe acquisition of healthy lifestyles that result, as has been demonstrated, in greater survival and better quality of life of individuals (Hernan, 2004). Therefore, there is a need to promote healthy habits and lifestyles in youngKnowledge together with the promotion of healthy lifestyles that improve future cardiovascular health (Martinez, 2009).

Conclusions

Alcohol abuse is a growing condition among young university students around the world. This psychotropic substance can generate a strong addiction called alcoholism. Alcoholism has as a consequence the loss of health, social disintegration, family disintegration and in some cases death. In recent decades, alcoholism treatment has benefited from both the advancement of pharmacology and the contributions of psychology.

The objectives of psychotherapy address very different aspects throughout the therapeutic process: acceptance of the addictive disorder, reinforcement of motivation for treatment, face experiences of desire and difficult situations, manage the affective and anxiety clinic, favor the acquisition and consolidationof new life habits, remodeling their personal relationships, etc. The main psychotherapy orientations studied for patients with substance consumption are cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational therapy, interpersonal therapy and psychodynamic therapy. Take into account the possibilities of individual, group, family or self-help use (Díaz, 2007). It is important to show that excess alcohol consumption is not an exclusive behavior of young university students. Well, studies such as Tegorna (2016) declare that there is a prevalence of strong alcohol consumption in high school adolescents. Possibly the situation is the same in the case of higher secondary education, so it is of the utmost importance that the Government will act together with parents’ organizations, to determine the situation of alcohol abuse in each particular case and inAll academic levels focused on adolescent individuals.

Bibliography

• Acuña, i., Castillo, d., Bechara, a. & Godoy, J. C. (2013). Decision making in adolescents: performance under different information conditions and alcoholic intoxication. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 13 (2), 195–214.
• Ariza C, Nebot M. (nineteen ninety five). Alcohol consumption in schoolchildren. MED CLIN (BARC) PAGS. 481–6.
• Bagur c. (2007) Physical exercise and bone mass. Ontogenetic evolution of bone mass and influence of physical activity on bone in the different stages of life. MED ESPORT AMTRS. Vol. 153.
• Beard, c. (2004) Welfare and Social Reform Regime in Mexico. Social Policies Series. Vol. 92. Santiago de Chile, ECLAC.
• Cenarruzabeitia, v., Martínez, J., Martinez, m. (2003). Benefits of physical activity and risks of sedentary lifestyle. MED CLIN (BARC). 2003. Vol. 121. P. 655–72.
• Dawson, d. (2000). The Link Between Family History and Early Onset Alcoholism: Earlier Initiation of Drinking Or More Rapid Development of Dependence? Journal of Studies On Alcohol and Drugs. Vol. 61 pages. 637–646.
• Espíndola, f., (2013) "cracks" in the social fabric: biographical experiences of young Montevideans from the ‘places’ of social space ”. Doctoral Thesis, Center for Sociological Studies, The College of Mexico.
• Goudriaan, a. AND., Grekin, e. R. & Sher, K. J. (2007). Decision Making and Binge Drinking: A longitudinal Study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. Vol. 31. P. 928–938.
• Hernan, m., Fernández a., Ramos, m. (2004). The health of young people. Sanitary Gazette. Vol. 18. P. 47–55.
• Labrie, j., Migliuri, s., Kenney, s. & Lac, to. (2010). Family History of Alcohol Abuse Associated With Problematic Drinking Among College Students. Addictive Behaviors. Vol. 35 pages.721–725.
• Lacan j.(2001) Préface à l’Eveil du Printemps, in Autres écrits. Ed. Du seuil.
• Mora, m. and Oliveira, or. (2009) "Young people at the beginning of adult life: trajectories, transitions and subjectivities" in sociological studies. Vol. 79. P. 267-290.
• Mota, n., Stop, m., Crego, a., Daallo, s., Caamano-Isorna, f., Holguín, s. R., CADAVEIRA, f. & Corral, M. (2013). Binge Drinking Trabectory and Neuropsychological Functioning Among University Students: A longitudinal Study. Drug and alcohol dependence. Vol. 133.
• Olmedilla, a., Ortega, e., Candel, n. (2010). Anxiety, depression and physical exercise practice in university students. Points. L’Sport Medicine. Vol. Four. Five. P. 175-180.
• Pilatti, a., Read, j. & Caneto, F. (2016).Validation of the Spanish version of the young adult alcohol. Psychological Assessment. Vol. 28.
• Pullen C, noble s, Fiando K. (2001). Determinants of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Behaviours in Rural Older Women. Fam Community Health. P. Vol. 24 pages. 49–73.
• Reimann, m. & Bechara, to. (2010). The Somatic Marker Framework As a Neurological Theory of Decision-Making: Review, Conceptual Comparisons, and Future Neuroeconomics Research. Journal of Economic Psychology. Vol. 31. P. 767–776.
• Salas, m., Oliveira, o. (2014). The paths of life: accumulation, reproduction or overcoming of social disadvantages in Mexico. Mexican Journal of Political and Social Sciences. Vol. 59 pages. 81-115.
• Verdejo, a., López, v., Pérez, m., Podell, a. & Goldberg, and. (2006). ALTRERED ADAPTive BUT NOTRIDICAL DECISION-MAKING IN SUBSTANCE DEPENDENT INDIVIDUALS. Journal of the International Neuropsycological Society. Vol 12. P. 90–99.