13th and 14th centuries

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Rise of the Carolingians
Although Charles Martel decided not to be crowned the king; as Pepin III who was his son would have done or take the title Emperor which his grandson Charlemagne. He can be seen as the unchallenged ruler of all of continental Western Europe which is north of Pyrenees. The only lasting Saxon kingdoms which he conquered partly; the Marca Hispanic and Lombardy were very important kingdoms after his demise.
Martel also founded all the merit and feudal systems which defined the Carolingian kingdom, and all of Europe generally throughout the middle ages, however, his sons and grandsons took acclaim for his modernizations. Moreover, Martel defended his Christian Europe against the invading Muslim arm which was referred as the conflict of the tour in the year 732. The Iberian Saracens had combined with Berber lighthouse the powerful Arab brigade to form a powerful army which had a track record of winning wars. The Christian army troops lack the authoritative instrument of the stirrup; this earned Charles surname. The historian of Rome Edwin Gibbon later referred to him as the paramount princes of his age.
Pepin III, his son; acknowledged the recommendation of the monarch by Pope Zachary, this was about the year 751. Charlemagne governing began in 768 after the death of Pepin. He went forward to govern after his brother Carloman passed on, as his two brothers both took control of their father’s empire. Charlemagne was then elevated to be the Roman king in 800.

The contributions of Charlemagne
Charlemagne in everywhere his rule was established, he contributed immensely to the people by setting up reforms, hence creating a common identity in the people from Southern Spain to eastern Germany. He contributed to the commerce boom. One of the most significant things he did was abolishing the use of gold standard across Europe and setting up the use of same silver currency. This changes resulted in a trade boom as some laws were set to help to decentralize power and help boost the wealth of the peasants. These changes by Charlemagne contributed immensely to western civilization.
Another contributions of Charlemagne rule were his contributions to education reform. He was a progressive leader who had the passion for learning, and because of this, he encouraged schooling across his empire. By contributing to education reform, people did not only trade peacefully, but they were also able to communicate with each other (Backman 122). By contributing to the spread of religion across Europe, he was crowned to be the emperor by Pope Leo III, because of his achievement and to recognize him as the territory ruler.
In most parts of Europe Jews who intended to remain true to Judaism were protected by being compulsory converted to Christian faith. This policy did not change later when the pope called for people to support the Carolingians Empire in order for the kingdom to be protected with temporal power. Moreover, Charlemagne was glad to use the church to bring together loosely held elements of the empire when he changed the Roman Empire into a Christian empire. After the death of the emperor, the empire fell apart, the rules of Italy and France were more sensitive to the church desires and making laws dealing with the Jews.
After the fall of the empire, there came the Visigoth rule which prohibited Judaism and Jews were exiled to return to Spain. The Persian general in Suintila captured Jerusalem; this enabled the Jews to return and rule the city. After some few years, Jews assisted Muslims to invade Spain, ending the Visigoth and this brought 150 years of calm and peace.

Work cited
Backman, Clifford R. Cultures Of the West: A History Volume 1: To 1750. 2nd ed. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015. Print.