History

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1. Dunning justifies the codes as necessary for management of the society after the civil war considering the black codes as measures of returning order by giving African Americans a different social class from the whites. The codes include restricting bearing arms, having separate labor contracts and restriction from testifying in courts. He regards African Americans as different based on their habits and well-established traits. However, the black codes were just ways of re-subjugating African Americans after the emancipation of slavery. The codes were thus deliberate attempts to disregard the emancipation of slavery as part of the victory of the war. They are discriminative and very racist.
2. A “vicious cycle’ system involves the masking of capital using debt allowing people to farm and sell their products but leaving them with no profits but an ever-growing deficit. Otken, therefore, explores the development of a system of debt disguised as help to African Americas in the south. The process of compounding the interests yearly creates a vicious cycle of debt that can keep the cropper poor as well as put them in bankruptcy.
3. Lodge justifies the United States development of an imperial nation based on the need for the development of economic and political power. He explores the need for the country to leave aside domestic issues and make efforts of setting itself up as a global leader in economic and political matters by taking over parts of the Caribbean and developing a military nation that cannot be attacked.

4. Du Bois and Booker Washington were great African American leaders who had different opinions and approaches when it came to black economic and social progress. Booker considered the approach of self-help and hard work while accepting discrimination but for a period until they can uplift themselves. On the other hand, Du Bois advocate for the civil rights agenda and political action against oppression. They were, however, looking towards the interest of uplifting the status of African Americans in the society.