see attached

Economics
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Institutional affiliation
Question 1
Holding up leads to underinvestment and decrease performance in an economy. According to the situation, the Canadian doctors have no positive return on the human capital. This means that when they visit countries where the reward of human capital is higher, the government won’t stop them from rendering their services. However, if they are unwilling to relocate to another country better rewards for human capital, then the Canadian government can confiscate them based on the agreed duration. With this, in the long run, the Canadian government will be responsible for the services that they pay. Take, for instance, if there is low pay or reward on the human capital, there will be reduced service delivery and medical care. This is because a reduction of rewards for human capital investment leads to poor feedback from the doctors who are the laborers (Mailath, Postlewaite & Samuelson, 2017).
Question 2
Economies of scope involve a company distributing the cost of producing different products evenly with an objective of reducing production costs at the expense of more products. Economies of scale are the advantages that a buyer gets when purchasing many similar goods at a reduced price compared to the fixed price. An example can be given by Apple is one of the leading computer producers. When the company intends to increase and expand its product line, the next step will require remodeling its manufacturing and produce a different variety of products such as tablets, phones and other electronic devices (Boot, 2017).

With the cost of production distributed over a variety of products then the average cost of production will decrease. This can attribute to the fact that a company mergers with a different organization to share the cost of production. When it comes to economies of scale, an example can be given by a company buying laptops from Apple. If the cost of purchasing a laptop is $400, but the company buys 500 laptops, the cost of the laptop will be charged at $225.This is an example of an economy of scale when it buys many laptops at a lower price. Economies of scale is a cost advantage because the fixed cost of all the laptops has been covered leading to a reduction in the marginal cost of production.
Question 3
The beer distributors in California were against the legalization of marijuana bill. This is because legalizing marijuana will result in competition. The snack vendors were also for the decision of legalizing marijuana. The reason is, marijuana is a substitute product for beer, and it is a complementary product for street vendors. Marijuana and beer are substitute products being that they are considered as depressant drugs (DeVeaux, 2017). A substitute product is a good or services that satisfy the needs of consumers that are similar to other drugs that they use. For street vendors, they will benefit from marijuana users buying food from them.
References
Boot, A. W. (2017). Understanding the future of banking scale and scope economies, and Fintech. In The Future of Large, Internationally Active Banks (pp. 431-449).
DeVeaux, C. (2017). One Toke Too Far: The Demise of the Dormant Commerce Clause’s Extraterritoriality Doctrine Threatens the Marijuana-Legalization Experiment. BCL Rev., 58, 953.
Mailath, G. J., Postlewaite, A., & Samuelson, L. (2017). Premuneration values and investments in matching markets. The Economic Journal, 127(604), 2041-2065.