A War Cry Against Femicides In Mexico

A war cry against femicides in Mexico

Background in Mexico

In the case of Mexico, the origin of feminism dates from the end of the 19th and early twentie. In Yucatan, there was a first feminist movement in December 1916, when two congresses headed mainly by teachers and women of the middle class were held that sought to create consensus around educational and social reforms.

The construction of citizenship varies depending on the time and the cultural context in which it develops, and these constructions in which the feminine is subordinate regularly, directly affects the political and social belonging with which thewomen. (Vélez, 2006)

The aforementioned French revolution was a key to the optimal development of feminism, even a reference for social struggle is the Mexican revolution in 1910 becoming the first revolution of the twentieth century, in the development of them the woman served in the field ofThe war, causing an impressive change in people about the gender ideas of the Porfiriato, manifesting their skills in works that were believed exclusive to men being nurses, welders, welded and feminist. Later, during Carrancism, feminism formed organizations that struggled for their rights through the organization of two feminist congresses, covering fundamental issues of female sexuality, despite this with a patriarchal background being the themes, desire, maternal loveand female pleasure;Achieving anatomy and physiology courses in schools, being the main argument that women should be educated with the knowledge of their body

Despite the impressive change of the female figure, funging in other social fields, the Maderista government in its short period failedFrom years of struggle, hope was materialized, the candidate showed his support for women from a vision of home and conservatism clarified that the vote would not be granted for justice or equality but because with the support of man would be greater, solving with self-denial, work, spiritual and moral force, problems such as education and social assistance, decades of struggle were overshadowed by the comments of a Mexico that he considered, as he mentioned at the time, to the important "feminine" in for encouragingHis classmates in daily living and for his maternal role.

Perhaps the exaltation of maternity and female virtues has not been the ideal path to gain ground in the acquisition of citizenship;However, he has been the only one that has made possible some changes in reality. (Molyneux, 2003)

On February 12, 1947, with the publication in the Official Gazette of the Federation of the Addition Decree to Article 115, they allow participation as “voters and candidates” to women where “women will participate“ in the municipal elections, women will participate in the municipal elections, in equalcondition that men, with the right to vote and be voted ”(Law No. 115. Official Gazette of the Federation of Mexico, February 12, 1947).

Thus being on October 17, 1953, after overcoming the Ruiz legislative procedure promulgates constitutional reforms. Adolfo Ruiz’s promise was fulfilled as July 3, 1955, when women in Mexico first lifted in a federal election, after 24 years that women were recognized as partnership of society in the vote in 1979Mexico recognizes the first governor, Griselda Alvarez in Colima 

It was not until October 1953, which was published in the Official Gazette of the Nation. From that moment on, women began to participate in public life, first as mayors, later as representatives in Secretariats, in local and federal councils, in the Senate, seven governors have also been counted (in Colima, Tlaxcala,Yucatán, Mexico City, Zacatecas and in active period Claudia Pavlovich in Sonora), as well as five women who have contemplated for the presidency of Mexico. According to figures from the millennium objectives of the United Nations Development Program, thanks also to parity laws, the participation of women in Mexican political life has increased by 9% between 2000 and 2014 (UNDP, 2014).

The story behind all this seems to be inspiring for the intense female struggle for suffrage but what was the means to achieve it? Among the many that are the FUPDM (Unique Pro Rights of WomenThe Front, created the National Council for Women’s Suffrage and also organize the First National Congress of Women mentioned “the intense need for us to create a new vision of ourselves and of the society that led us to gropeStart of the feminist movement ”(Gutierrez, 2002, P.122)

Feminist chronology in Mexico:

Jumping in time leads to:

From 1970 to 1980, women established the feeling of struggle for their rights named "Organization, establishment and struggle". The second stage, carried out in the 80s, was about "stagnation and takeoff", which led to confrontation between middle -class members, urban and unions sectors. The third and last, at the time of the 90s, called "of alliances and conversions", was based on the search for democratization.

According to data from the National Women’s Institute (Immujeres, 2014) a 61.8% of women between 15 and 29 years of age attended school at some educational level, while the men who were in the same etalae group did so in 61.2% National Institute of Women [Immujeres], 2014).Based on these figures, it is possible to observe that the number of women has slightly exceeded the number of men attending school, after several years comparing them with data from the Diario de México in 1810 of the 60000 women who lived Mexico City only300 managed to have an education through the different institutions that enriched conservative knowledge and values, reading was favorite teaching in addition to sewing and catechism sometimes also writing.

The secondary girls imposed by Protasio P. Tagle, a Mexican jurist, military and politicand subjects that covered pedagogy until “female” hygiene and work, due1890 When this ceased to be a "secondary" and became the normal of teachers.

Following the logic of the Ms. Director, we could conclude that if the professors are not as useful as the professors, neither are the directors as much as the directors, which is not accurate for all the establishments of the nation (Chavarri Enrique, 1881, p.1)

Female empowerment from teaching never arrived, because the high school of women was a mystery to the press. "Similarly, female participation has increased in careers that were considered exclusively for men in Mexico" (Bustos, 2012). Among them is environmental and chemical engineering that present in their figures a enhancement in the female, metallurgical, computing and industrial presence despite this there are other fields where the woman lacks such participation is the case of civil, electrical, electronic and electronic engineeringmechanics.

According to the organization of work (ILO, 2016) “In 2013, worldwide 47.1% of the total working age had a paid job ”(Organization of Work [ILO], 2016). Mexico does not have labor restrictions for women, since it should be noted that in certain countries such is the case of Russia, France and Colombia do not allow them to develop in certain jobs. Mexico instead counts in its Federal Labor Law of 2016 stipulates that Mexican women are entitled to a period of 180 days per maternity leave during the first six months after delivery and as well as nursery provided by social institutions, is then thePanorama in Mexico is discouraging? In developed countries, cultural lines are not distinguished when exercising a profession in Mexico. According to the National Council to prevent discriminiation (Conapred, 2017), the greatest cause of labor discrimination is prosecuted pregnant women because they reveal data that claim that from 2011 to 2017 746 complaints have been filed for it (National Council to prevent discrimination [Conapred], 2017)

Cultural effects are visible, but not only exist of that nature but also economic because immujere figures reveal that 240 billion pesos are lost every year by women who were not accepted in the Mexican labor system (Immujeres 2014). The economic participation of women does not reflect the educational investment and talent they have. In Mexico, only 43% of women participate in the labor market, compared to 78% of men. Salary discrimination and occupational segregation persists, in addition to violence in various types and forms. (Organization of the United Nations Women [UN Women], 2016)

From there Mexico began to awaken with the initiative giving rise to various organizations among which are:

• Connected NGO MX April 23, 2018- driven by the desire to achieve equality in the communication and information technologies sectors in Mexico, women leaders of organizations enhance their voice and demonstrate the importance of their work. They organize workshops, adopting good practices in gender parity.
• Equis Justice for Women 2011- Organization that seeks to transform laws and policies to improve gender equality in different social fields, work in integral justice taking into account races, ethnicities, classes, disabilities, immigration status, sex-genic identity, generic identity,sexual preference among others, as well as the criminal law of women
• Feminist Collective "Zapata Vive"- With headquarters in Guerrero supports feminist movements made over the years, require justice to constant abuses and violations recorded in the country

A war cry against femicides

Mexico has become one of the most risky countries for women because only approximately 3 women are killed per day, and 49 suffer sexual abuse, the situation for movement does not remain in just numbers but in the macho culture behindEverything, only in June 2019 79 women were killed, also emphasizes that only during the first six months of the year I reached a total of 470 women, that is, not being a realistic fact if not statistical 10 women per day. 111 victims of a firearm, 99 white weapons and 239 with different artifacts (Executive Secretary of the National Public Security System [SESNP], 2019)

Among the states with the highest femicide index is Veracruz (21 femicides). Mexico (16 feminicides), Nuevo León (11 feminicides), it should be noted that the exact definition of femicide for the Government of Mexico is as follows:

“The violent death of women for gender reasons, typified in our criminal system as femicide, is the most extreme form of violence against women and one of the most serious manifestations of discrimination against them.”(CONAIVM)

In the Criminal Code, Article 325 establishes according to data:

He commits the crime of femicide who deprives a woman from life for gender reasons. There are gender reasons when any of the following circumstances attend:

1. The victim presents signs of sexual violence of any kind
2. The victim has been inflicted infamous or degrading injuries or mutilation
3. There are a history or data of any type of violence in the family, work or school environment, of the active subject against the victim;
4. There has been between the asset and the victim a relationship sentimental, affective or trustworthy
5. There are data that establish that there were threats related to the criminal act, harassment or injuries of the active subject against the victim
6. The victim has been incommunicado, whatever the time prior to the deprivation of life;
7. The victim’s body is exposed or exhibited in a public place. (National Commission to prevent and eradicate violence against women, 2016)

Having as a reference the characteristics of a femicide, the consequences of this in alarming quantities echoes in the nation therefore the gender alert was born in 2007 with the creation of the General Law of Access of Women to a life free of violence. According to article 25, it is a mechanism that emphasizes the importance of ending femicides, from studies and programs responsible for the prevention of crimes against women, to be activated, it requires being requested by national and international human rights organizations;There are 19 states in a current gender alert condition.

Now after contextualizing the current state of women in Mexico, it is a matter of analyzing the data and contrasting them with a cultural reality that highlights their day -to -day lines in front of a struggle that remains in constant renewal, interviewing a series of women from MoreliaMichoacan, the most relevant data were reached, because few know about the movement and those who know it do not identify with it because they think it is denigration to man, social standards and media come to manipulate the information,They claimed that the movement was of violence, the misinformation of people about movement is evident, because beyond locking how a revolution is thought that a rebellion is prosecuted.

It is clear that the influence of the media are evident, when interviewing women again this time in a rural area of Michoacán called "Santa Rita de Casia" they claimed that they constantly listened to the movement but that they did not know their meaning, their experiences of their experiencesLife forged the social context where they developed, in a place where the ways in which they live are obviously worse that compared to their counterpart, began to awaken the female figure and despite the negative opinions about the vandalism acts committed by feminist groups, they sought to achieve gender equity within the same rural town, it should be noted that even the position of municipal presidency is occupied by a woman. Many of which only studied even primary due to their parents, in other cases they had to attach to the wife’s life, such is the case of Karen a young woman from the town who believed in feminism but did not identify with the current groups, it has 2 children only at the age of 24;Or proof of a 65 -year -old woman who was raised under the threshold of poverty and the latent male figure about her ideas, she states that current movements seek to denigrate man and harmony.

In spite of this, the great differences of the contexts in which these women were raised both think the same, the two were raised under a figure of authority governed by the conservatism, when asked about their perception about their safety as a woman byThe State said they do not feel any kind of protection.

A report by the United Nations Organization affirms that Mexico has managed to strengthen Gender’s perspective in the national strategy to implement the 2030 Agenda from the growth of the knowledge base and the availability of tools to monitor compliance with the commitmentsInternational and national in terms of gender equality, in particular emphasizes immujeres, the launch of two digital platforms to monitor the progress and challenges of the country, at the federal and state level.

This platform bases its actions in accordance with the General Law for Equality between Women and Men, the gender perspective refers to:

“The methodology and the mechanisms that allow to identify, question and assess discrimination, inequality and exclusion of women [to understand, design and implement] the actions that must be undertaken to act on gender factors and create the conditions of change thatallow progress in the construction of equality between women and men ‘”(Article 5, Fracc. SAW).

The feminist marches have been the focus on society due to their destructiveness, such is the case of the march on November 25, 2019 which the Secretary of Culture of Mexico City, Jose Alfonso Suarez del Real mentions that theexpenses ascended just over 1.5 million pesos being really criticized with El Movement It should be noted that 240 billion pesos are lost every year by women who were not accepted in the Mexican labor system, in 2018, 3,752 deaths for femicides were recorded, costs more thedamage to cultural structures that repairs to a simple erect monument against lies.