Biology Many Questions

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Morphology of Chromosomes
A metacentric chromosome is one that has a centrally located centromere and chromosome aims with approximately equal length. Which of the human chromosome is metacentric?
The human chromosomes with numbers 2, 3,5, 6, and 21 which are metacentric include the ones found in the gametes. They have the centrally located centromere and the chromosomes have equal lengths. The gametes include the sperm and the ovum cells (Rizzo 20).
Submetacentric chromosomes have centromeres located close to the center of the chromosome, but the chromosome arms are distinctly unequal in length. Which human chromosome fall into this category
The human chromosomes with numbers 9, 10, 13 and 18 in the muscles and the tendons have the chromosomes with their centromeres located at the center of the chromosome itself. The arms of the chromosome are however unequal in nature (Rizzo 34).
Acrocentric chromosomes have centroids located much nearer one end than the other, resulting in chromosome arms that are decidedly unequal in length. Which of the human chromosome is acrocentric?
The human chromosomes with numbers 11, 12, 16 and 17 have the centromeres located unequally form the centroid of the cell. The arms of the chromosomes are short compared as compared to the metacentric chromosomes.
Which of the human chromosomes have satellites?
In the human chromosomes with the satellites include number 13, 14, 15, and 22.

The chromosomes are important in the composition of the nucleolus after the division of the cell is complete.
Page 105
In figure 10.2, locate and number the regions for each arm of chromosomes 5, 7,11 and X. Use figure 10.1 as the guide. Can you distinguish any bands within these chromosomes regions?
Chromosome Chromosome region
5 Band x
47 Band y
11 Band x
If so, for which chromosomes?
The bands with the chromosomes are found in the region 5 and 7
Page 16
Classify the kernels into the four different phenotypes. Count and record the number of kernels in each phenotype in the space provided in the table.
The phenotypes include Aa, Bb, Ab, Ba
Select gene symbol to represent the two alleles of each gene studied in this example
Gene Symbol Phenotype
A a
B b
(a)
Which characteristics are independent of dominant alleles? The color of the seed
(b)
Recessive alleles? The size of the seed
Page 15
Phenotype Observed Number Expected Number Deviation
X 5 5 0
Y 3 4 0.25
V 5 7 0.5
Z 2 4 0.67
(2) Predict the results in the F1 and F2 generations from the mating prepared
F1 phenotypes (XY, XV, XZ)
F2 phenotypes and frequencies
Phenotype Frequency
X 4
Y 4
(3) Check the phenotype to see if your expectation has been obtained.
F1 = Xx, Yy, Vv, ZzF2 = XY, XV, XZ, VZ
(4) The various characteristics involved in the cross
The characteristics involved in the cross include the following: the size, the color, the height
(5) Record the data as in table 1.5
Phenotype Observed Number Expected Number Deviation
X 5 5 0
Y 3 4 0.25
V 5 7 0.5
Z 2 4 0.67
(6) Indicate the phenotypes and the genotypes of the flies in three generations
Phenotype Genotype
P1 X xx
F1 Y yyF2 Z zz
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Observed Number Expected Number Deviation
a 2 4 0.5
b 6 8 0.5
c 6 6 0
d 4 6 0.5
Now, using the gene symbols you have chosen, give the possible genotype of the original homozygous parents (P1) of this F2 generation.
The possible gene symbols for the parent include aa, bb, cc and ddWhat are the phenotypes of this parents’ individuals?
They include A, B, C and D
Assuming the parents to be homogenous could more than one original cross have been used to produce this F2 generator?
Yes, one crossover can be used for the siring
If so, what crosses could have been made?
The crosses include Aa, Bb, Cc, and DdIn any case, what must have been the genotype and the phenotype of an F1 generation that subsequently was self-pollinated to produce the F2 kernels with which you have been working?
The genotype includes F1 and the phenotype A, B, C and D
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(5) Assign the appropriate letter to the chromosomes
Chromosome Appropriate letter
1 to 3 A
4 to 7 B
8 to 12 C
13 to 18 D
19 to 22 E

(6) Label the chromosomes
Chromosome Appropriate letter
1 to 3 p
4 to 7 p
8 to 12 q
13 to 18 q
19 to 22 q
Works Cited
Rizzo, Donald C. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. Cengage Learning, 2015.