Pre and Post 9/11 terrorist event

Pre and Post 9/11 Terrorist Events
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Pre and Post 9/11 Terrorist Events
Copeland, T. E. (2007). Fool me twice: intelligence failure and mass casualty terrorism. Brill.
The study showed that intelligence failure led to the mass casualty of terrorism. Intelligence failure led to the occurrence of five terrorism incidents which include Oklahoma City 1995, World Trade Center 1993, East Africa Embassies 1998 and the September 2001 attacks. These attacks caused a lot of destruction in the United States and also caused the death of many people. The attacks were attributed to the poor public policy leadership which failed to guide the intelligence community.
Hoffman, B., & Reinares, F. (Eds.). (2014). The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama Bin Laden’s Death. Columbia University Press.
The book shows that the global terrorist threat has evolved since September 11, 2001. It presents the changing character of al-Qaeda and the numerous attacks that it initiated. The terrorist group planned, organized, recruited and training individuals on how to conduct terrorist attacks. Osama Bin Laden created the al-Qaeda which aimed at carrying out terrorist attacks instead of the military campaigns. The group embraced the violent jihad and opposed all the government policies. The group was associated with the 1993 bombing of New York’s World Trade Center. In the attack, six people were killed while 1000 individuals were left injured.

Jenkins, B. M., & Godges, J. (2011). The long shadow of 9/11: America’s response to terrorism. Rand Corporation.
The book discusses the various terrorist attacks that happened after the 9/11 attacks and the measures taken by America’s government to combat them. These attacks include the 2001 anthrax attack, Beltway sniper attacks, Capitol Hill massacre, time square bombing among others. There were also series of attacks on the airplanes in the United States. The attacks were coordinated by the terrorist group through hiring hijackers to propel suicide mission on the United States soils. These attacks resulted in the death of thousands of people and destruction of property. The United States responded by assessing the military, social, political and cultural implications of the existing policies.
Silber, M. D. (2011). The Al Qaeda factor: plots against the West. University of Pennsylvania Press.
The book analyzes the role that al-Qaeda played in organizing terrorist attacks before and after 9/11 attack. The al-Qaeda group was associated with the 1993 World Trade Bombing in New York. The author argues that group conducted training and provided its members with considerable payments to motivate them to carry out the attacks. The group also attempted to bomb airplanes notably the 2001 failed shoe bomb attempt. These attempts mainly targeted the Americans. Despite the increased efforts by the al-Qaeda group to conduct attacks, few of them were arrested until Osama Bin Laden was bombed in 2011.
Robertson, M. (2013). Season of betrayal. Suffern, NY: Tatra Press.
The book discusses the Beirut attacks of 1983. The bombs struck the buildings which housed the Multinational Force in Lebanon peacekeepers. It killed 241 citizens of the United States, 58 French peacekeepers, and six civilians. It is believed that the attack was conducted by the Islamic Jihad with the aim of getting Multinational Force out of Lebanon. Furthermore, the book focuses on a testimony given by Lara McCauley. Lara witnessed the death of many people during the attack but could not be able to assist because of lack of the essential equipment.
References
Copeland, T. E. (2007). Fool me twice: intelligence failure and mass casualty terrorism. Brill.
Hoffman, B., & Reinares, F. (Eds.). (2014). The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama Bin Laden’s Death. Columbia University Press.
Jenkins, B. M., & Godges, J. (2011). The long shadow of 9/11: America’s response to terrorism. Rand Corporation.
Robertson, M. (2013). Season of betrayal. Suffern, NY: Tatra Press.
Silber, M. D. (2011). The Al Qaeda factor: plots against the West. University of Pennsylvania Press.