The Respiratory System Of Birds

The respiratory system of birds

Breathing, aviar maintains a main action is known as oxygenation of the blood system. This system is not equal to that of mammals, it is total different mind. The moment that the bird performs inhalation by respiratory tract directs the air to a tour of all the organs of this system starting with the larynx, followed by the trachea (long structure like the neck). The trachea is divided into primary bronchi, the syringe.

Once air passes through the primary bronchios they enter the lungs transforming into the so -called Meso Bronchios. The tour of smaller channels called Vento Bronquios continues reaching even smaller portions with the name of Bronchios.

These structures find a large network of blood capillaries and themselves branched air capillaries. This is where the exchange of gas between the lungs and blood is already performed. For the return to the mesobronchios, the windings and dorsobronchios are bind to be expelled.

In the bird respiration mechanism, the flow of this air direction is due to pressure changes. This process helps the thermoregulation, maintaining body balance and a characteristic importance helps the functioning of the syringe, a structure that differentiates birds such as the vocal organ for singing and sound generation.

Materials and methods

It is known that they are birds that have the most effective respiratory system among all vertebrates. One of the main adaptations that allows birds to fly is its effective respiratory system, which is capable of ensuring tissue oxygenation even when oxygen pressure is low in the atmosphere and supporting the enormous energy cost of flying action.

It is estimated that energy consumption is between 2.5 to 3 times greater than running.

The respiratory system of the birds has a peculiar anatomical organization with rigid and small non -relaxable lungs such as the other mammals and the air passage is achieved thanks to its membranous structures called aerial sacks.

To house the voluminous air sack system, birds lack diaphragm and the respiratory system occupies much of the only body cavity.

Basic respiratory system operation

When the body wall this relaxed expands and generates negative suction pressure in the aerial sacks, causing air entry, on the contrary, the contraction of the body wall muscles compresses the air sacs by expelling the air abroad. Therefore, the active phase of breathing in birds is the expiration that is when muscle contraction is performed, while in inspiration the air enters passively successively successively outdated by negative pressure.

The number of aerial sacks is typically variable are 9 and are divided: 2 cervical bags, 1 inter -clavicular bag, 2 previous rib jackets, 2 posterior rib jackets and 2 abdominal sacks.

Functionally we divide them into 2 large groups;A group of previous sacks and another posterior, this arrangement makes the circulation of a given air volume through the lung requires two complete respiratory cycles, that is, 2 inspirations and 2 exports.

The longitudinal lung process can be divided into two parts belonging to the 2 respiratory cycles:

Cycle 1 Inspiration, Cycle 1 Expiration, Cycle 2 Inspiration, Cycle 2 Expiration.

In the inspiration of the first cycle the air passes directly to the posterior sacks from the trachea without passing through the lungs, the suction effect generated in the posterior sacks by the relaxation of the body wall forces the passage of atmospheric air, in the expirationFrom the first cycle, the contraction of the body wall muscles sends the air of the posterior bags that are formed by aerial tubes called windows whose branches connect with blood capillaries, this is where the gaseous exchange is performed by passing the oxygen byDiffusion to the blood, the second respiratory cycle will allow the expulsion of the air from the lungs to the outside.

In the inspiration of the 2nd cycle the expansion of the previous sacks sucks the air of the lungs and the expiration of the 2nd cycle its compression, strength, elimination through the trachea.

This whole process is carried out continuously both the previous and subsequent sacks expand and retract simultaneously by the pressures of the body walls, at one point the subsequent sacks are expanding to receive a new volume from the outside, while the previous onesThey are sucking the air that was already in the lungs from a previous cycle. The air flows continuously through the avian respiratory system to a given volume of air to take 2 complete respiratory cycles to go out again abroad. This system has an advantage of allowing the lungs to receive fresh air both during inspiration and expiration.

There is a unidirectional air flow through the windows.

The windows branch into aerial capillaries that come into contact with blood capillaries forming the respiratory barrier. The air flows through the windows from its next end to the distal and on its path oxygen spreads to the capillaries in its path. The blood flow crosses perpendicular by the windows and a flow ribbed blood is established, since both circulate in opposite directions. This countercurrent system allows a much more efficient oxygen exchange. On the window the amount of oxygen decreases from its proximal end to distal as oxygen circulates spreading to blood. The consequence of this oxygen gradient on the window is that the capillaries face air with different oxygen content dependent on their lung position. The closest to the proximal zone of the windows where fresh air enters receives a large amount of oxygen and the oxygenation of the blood in them will be very high. On the contrary, the capillaries of the distal zone receive air with a small amount of oxygen and get less blood oxygenation. But all capillaries merge into a single blood vessel when they leave the exchange surface and in this one mixes the blood of all of them.

The partial pressure of oxygen from the measurement in the lung exit vein will always exceed the value of the exhaled air, therefore, the avian lung is layers of extracting more oxygen than it lets escape again.

Results

A complexity is identified in birds in relation to mammals, birds achieve more oxygen than the one that is released to the atmosphere unlike mammals that fail to extract everything. Randall (2002) indicates that an extremely long trachea of the trumpero swan causes great increase in dead space anatomy (Klein, 2014) "In the bird system the increase in respiratory rate is performed for adequate evaporation cooling" (Hector, 2013)

Discussion

López (2015) comments that the AVE trachea is 2.7 longer and 1.29 more narrow if we compare it with that of the mammal in a similar size.

Recommendation and conclusions

The respiratory system of sometimes quite complex that help the needs of the same animal. It is impressive how this system helps the generation of song, sound, thermal regulation, stability during flight, and gaseous exchange between blood system. It is also good to have a good management of doing a good technique for a good drug supply in aerial sacks, as well as the thermal reduction study in inhalation anesthesia applications in birds. GLEED (2003) indicates that it must always be taken into account that inhalation -administered medications compared to injectables have a range of advantages at the time of handling. Including in this a more accelerated recovery than others, but also taking into account that supplying medications can affect air sacs according to the concentration and application of the same.